
Cl.iss 



liiioK 



I'UtsiiNTi-i) m 



r 



New Jersey as a Colony 
and as a State 




.JUKI. I'AKKKH. 



JOiX,-£ARKKE,~I.JuJ^- 

Born Freehold, >'. J., Nov. 24, 1816; grad. 
Princeton College 1839. 

Member State Assembly 1847-51; prose- 
cuting attorney 1852-57; presidential elect- 
or 1860; brigadier-general State militia 
1857; major-general 1861. 

Governor of New Jersey 1863-66 and 
18lr2-75; nominated Democratic candidate 
for President 1868; attorney-general of 
N^w Jersev 1875; appointed justice of the 
State Supreme 'Court 1880^^nd 1887.^ 
med Philadelphia, Pa., J&Ji. 2, 1888. 



NEW JEESET 



AS A COLONY AND AS A STATE 



One of the Original Th ir t e en 



BY 

FKANCIS BAZLEY LEE 

\\ 

ASSOCIATE BOARD OF EDITORS 

WILLIAM S. STRYKER, LL.D.: WILLIAM NELSON, A.M. 
GARRET D. W. VROOM: ERNEST C. RICHARDSON, Ph.D. 



VOLUME FOUR 




THE PUBLISHING SOCIETY OF NEW JERSEY 
IslEW YORK MDCCCCIIl 



WD5 



CoPTRiOHT, 1902, By 
The Publishino Society op New Jersey 



All Rights Reserved 

Gin 



Kont Law 



Boo . 



jan.22. 193^ 



PUBLICATION OFFICE 
41 LAFAYETTE PLACE 
NEW YORK, N. Y., U. 8. A. 



DEDICATED 

TO 

JOEL PARKER 

AND 

CHARLES S. OLDEN 




THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN COLONIES. 



SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS 



CHAPTER I 

THE RISE AND FALL OF SLAVERY IN NEW 

JERSEY 23-48 

Attitude of Continental Europe toward Slavery — A 
Question of a Commercial Character— Slavery Among 
the Dutch and Swedes— Lewis Morris and His Bondmen 

The Institution Established in New Jersey in 1675— 

A Supreme Court Opinion — The Instructions to Lord 
Cornbury — Early Acts regarding Slavery based upon an 
Economic View — Duties laid on Negi-oes Imported into 
East and West Jersey— The Beginnings of Ethical Con- 
siderations — John Woolman and the Society of Friends— 
The Abolition Influence before the Revolution— A Rev- 
olutionary View of the Matter — The Declaration of the 
Legislature in 1786 concerning Importation of Africans 
—The General Slave Law of 1798 and its Purpose— The 
Gradual Abolition Act of 1804— The Effort of Organized 
Societies — Legislation growing out of the Act of 1804 — 
The New Jersey Constitution of 1844 in its Relation to 
Slavery— The Liberty Party— The Policy of "Travelling" 
Friends— Colonial Censuses of Slaves — The Number of 
Bondmen in New Jersey in 1800 — The Rapid Decrease 
in Numbers — New Jersey occupies a Unique Position 
among the Northern " Free " States — The Government 
Slaves before 1702— Stringency of East Jersey Statutes 

The Barrier between Whites and Blacks — The Supreme 

Court Records— Negro Plots— The Question of Manu- 
mission—Protection Offered the Slave— The Negroes and 
their Churches— The Social Position of the Slave. 



CHAPTER II 

THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 49-58 

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and What it Attempted 
to Accomplish— The Position of West Jersey and the 



8 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Relation of that Part of the State to the South — The 
Society of Friends and their Efforts — The Underground 
Railroad comes into Existence — How the Railroad was 
Operated in New Jersey — Routes across the State — 
Dangers at the Raritan River — ^The Rev. Thomas Clement 
Oliver, of Salem City — Harriet Tubman and her Charges 
— The Slave Chasers — The Case of Johnson v. Tomkins 
— Points Eventually Reached by Fugitive Slaves — New 
Jersey not an Asylum. 



CHAPTER III 

THE NATION IN 1860 59-68 

Slavery in the States carved out of the Territory 
Acquired from Mexico — Marshall, of New Jersey, Dis- 
covers Gold — Legislation in Congress Following the Gold 
Fever — Issues at the Outbreak of the Civil War Clearly 
Defined — The Power of the South lay in being Politically 
on the Defensive and in Unity of Sentiment — The North- 
em View of the Case — The Uneven Front of the 
Republican Party at the Outbreak of Hostilities — The 
Democratic Argument — " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and Clai- 
borne's " Life " of General Quitman — Southern Sympa- 
thizers in New Jersey — The Four National Tickets in the 
Presidential Election of 1860 — The Struggle between the 
" Northern " and " Southern " Wings of the Democracy 
— ^The Change Effected by the Attack on Fort Moultrie 
— Compromises and Temporizing Fail — An Ethical and 
Economic Inheritance. 



CHAPTER IV 

THE POSITION OF NEW JERSEY IN THE CIVIL 

WAR 69-78 

What Lincoln Said in 1861 — Some in New Jersey hope 
for Reconciliation — The State and her Quota under the 
"First Call" for Troops— The Exposed Situation of 
Philadelphia — Prospective Defenses on Delaware Bay — 
The Cities of the State Empowered to issue Bonds — ^New 
Jersey Creates a War Debt — The Advent of Joel Parker 
and his Policy — His Services as Governor — ^The Legisla- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



ture of 1863 Suggests " Commissioners " to meet those 
of the Confederacy — The Emancipation Proclamation — 
George B. McClellan and his Candidacy for the Presiden- 
tial Office — The Failure of Lincoln's Plans for " Recon- 
struction " — What Peace meant in the Industrial Life of 
New Jersey. 



CHAPTER V 

NEW JERSEY TROOPS IN THiii CIVIL WAR 79-91 

The Olden Guards — The Brigade Commanded by Theo- 
dore Runyon — The " Second Call " for Troops — The 
Second Brigade — The " Olden Legion " — Principal Offi- 
cers of the Regiments — The Presidential Call of July 7, 
1862 — How the Regiments were Officered — New Jersey 
Escapes the Draft of 1862 — New Regiments are Formed 
and the Men who Commanded Them — The Batteries of 
Artillery — " Company A," of Trenton, as a " School for 
the Soldier " — The Invasion of Pennsylvania — The Mary- 
land Emergency Company — New Jersey Men in the 
Regiments of other States — Famous Camps in New 
Jersey — Statistics of Service. 



CHAPTER VI 

NEW JERSEY AND THE POST-BELLUM AIMEND- 

MENTS TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 93-105 

How the Thirteenth Amendment was Treated by the 
Legislature of New Jersey — The House of Assembly Ex- 
presses its Sentiments — New Jersey's Attitude toward 
Slavery as a National Issue — Failure of Colonization 
Projects — New Jersey and the Peace Convention of 1861 
— The New Jersey Resolutions — The Fourteenth Amend- 
ment and Governor Ward's View — A Consent and a 
Withdrawal — The Unseating of United States Senator 
John P. Stockton — The Legislature Strenuously Opposes 
the Amendment — Some Vigorous Resolutions and how 
They were Treated by Congress — The Fifteenth Amend- 
ment and the Attitude of the Republican Party — The 
Final Passage of the Amendment. 



10 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

CHAPTER VII 

THE PANIC OF 1873 107-122 

The Industrial Activity of New Jersey from 1865 to 
1873 — The Extension of Metropolitan Influence — The 
Corporation of the Day and its Relation to the " Trust " 
—The Absorption of the Military into Civil Life — The 
Era of Speculation — Special Charters and their Advan- 
tages — Some of the Industrial Lines Exploited by Capital 
— ^The Riparian Interests of the State Receive Attention 
—Real Estate Speculations—The Spirit of Municipal 
Development — The Consolidation of Competing or Par- 
tially Affiliated Lines of Railroads — Political Upheavals 
of the Period— The " One Idea " Parties— The Labor 
Movement — Horace Greeley in Politics — A Comparison 
between the Period of Inflation and the Jackson Period 
of Unrest — Architectural Abominations and False Taste 
in City and Country — What Caused the Panic of 1873 — 
Land Speculations in New Jersey — The Effect of the 
Panic in the State. 



CHAPTER VIII 

THE DAYS OF " CAMDEN AND AMBOY " 123-138 

The Consolidation of the " Joint Companies " with the 
New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company — The 
Struggle to reach New York City — Jersey City holds the 
Key to the Situation — What the Camden and Amboy 
Railroad Company had Acquired between 1830 and 1867 
— The Fight against " Monopoly " — The Development of 
the Morris and Essex and the Elizabethtown and Somer- 
ville Railroads — How these Roads were Dependent upon 
the Camden and Amboy Railroad — Early Traffic Arrange- 
ments — The Corporate Control of Old Paulus Hook — 
Stevens and the Bergen Hill Timnel — The Erie and its 
Projects— The " Frog War "—The Central Railroad of 
New Jersey Secures and Reclaims Lowlands south of 
Paukis Hook — A new Phase of the Opposition directed 
against the Camden and Amboy — New Railroads Pro- 
jected between Philadelphia and New York City — The 
Theory of a Direct Route from the South across Dela- 
ware Bay, thence to Port Monmouth, and Finally to New 



ONY AND AS A STATE 11 

York City— Its Lack of Success — The New Jersey- 
Southern Railroad — A New Plan, uniting Bound Brook 
and a Point in the Vicinity of Trenton, Devised — The 
Struggle of the Promoters of the " Air Line " before the 
Legislature — " Equal Taxation " becomes an Issue — The 
Mercer and Somerset Company — The Appearance of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company and its Lease of the 
Joint Companies that the Camden and Amboy System 
Embraced — The Genesis of the West Jersey and Sea 
Shore System— Politics and the Railroads— The Struggle 
for Control of the Legislature — The Passage .of the Gen- 
eral Railroad Law. 



CHAPTER IX 

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS OF 1875 139-148 

The Demand for Constitutional Reform — The Attitude of 
Governor Joel Parker — The Burden of Special Legis- 
lation — Jersey City and her Municipal Troubles — The 
Constitutional Commission of 1873 — Senatorial Repre- 
sentation Based upon Population Defeated — The School 
Question — The Death of Special Legislation — The Action 
of the Legislature — Partisan Politics and the Adoption of 
the Amendments — A Religious Controversy — New Em- 
barrassments for Jersey City — The General Effect of the 
Work of the Commissioners. 



CHAPTER X 

RECENT CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION 149-158 

Racing at Monmouth Course — Guttenberg and Gloucester 
Racetracks and their Appearance in Politics — The Anti- 
Racetrack League — Legislation Favorable to the Tracks 
— Trenton as a Storm Center — Other Racing Projects — 
An Attempt to Control Assembly Districts and the Su- 
preme Court Decisions — The Contest for the Control of 
the Senate — The Constitutional Commission of 1894 — 
The Three Amendments to the Constitution, and the Vote 
by which the Amendments were Passed. 



12 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

CHAPTER XI 

A STATE BATTLE OF BALLOTS— 1862-1885 159-173 

The General Current of Political Thought traced by Ab- 
stracts of the Platforms Adopted by the Republican and 
Democratic Parties upon the Occasion of each Guberna- 
torial Convention — Those who were Candidates for Gov- 
ernor and those who Secured the Nominations — The Re- 
lation between State and National Issues — The Success- 
ful Candidate and the Vote cast by all Parties — ^The 
Presidential Voting During the same Period. 



CHAPTER XII 

A STATE BATTLE OF BALLOTS— 1886-1902 179-202 

The Treatment Developed by the Preceding Chapter 
Continued. 



CHAPTER XIII 

MODERN BANKS AND BANKING 203-212 

The Bank a Modern Factor in Civilization — The National 
Banking Act of 1863 — Services Rendered by the Trenton 
Banking Company during the Civil War — The Depart- 
ment of Banking and Insurance — Abstract of the 
Banking Act of 1899 — The Newark Savings Fund 
Association — State Savings Fimd Societies during the 
Period of Inflation — The Savings Bank Law of 1876 and 
its Provisions — The Trust Companies. 



CHAPTER XIV 

NEW JERSEY IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN 

WAR 213-229 

The ■ Hull Bill " and its Provisions — The Joint Resolu- 
tion of Congress of April 20, 1898 — President 
McKinley's Call for Troops — War with Spain Declared — 
New Jersey's Quota is Three Regiments of Infantry — 



ONY AND AS A STATE 13 

The National Guard Called out for Service — Detail of 
Companies — Sea Girt becomes the Place of Rendez- 
vous — Rapid Mobilization of the National Guard — The 
Regiments are Mustered into the Service of the United 
States— Detail of the First Kegiment^The Third Regi- 
ment goes to Pompton Lakes and to the Defense of New 
York Harbor — The Second Regiment proceeds to Camp 
Cuba Libre, Jacksonville — The National Government 
Calls upon New Jersey for One Thousand Additional 
Men — Recruits for Regiments in the Field — The Fourth 
Regiment at Sea Girt — The Regiments Discharged from 
Service — The Signal Corps — The Formation of the 
" Mosquito Fleet " — The Naval Reserves called into 
Action — The " Montauk " Fitted out for Service — The 
" Resolute " and her Record in Southern Seas — The 
" Badger " and her Cruises — Prominent Officers of the 
First, Second, Third, and Fourth Regiments and of the 
Battalions of the East and West Naval Reserves. 



CHAPTER XV 

JERSEY CITY, NEWARK, PATERSON, AND THEIR 

ENVIRONS 231-255 

Jersey City's Genesis to be Found at Paulus Hook — The 
bit of Upland amid the Ditch-pierced Meadows becomes 
an Important Center of Transportation — The " Stage 
Waggons " between New York and Philadelphia — John 
Stevens in Hoboken — Anthony Dey, Agent, Purchases 
Paulus Hook from Cornelius Van Vorst — This Tract 
Embraces the Jersey City Terminal of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company — Thirteen Residents in 1804 — The 
Sale of Lots — New York Asserts a Claim as to Title and 
Withdraws her Hostile Attitude — The " Articles of Asso- 
ciation " and the Distinguished Incorporators — Robert 
Fulton and his Interests — The " City of Jersey " falls 
upon Evil Days — The Threefold Elements Retarding 
Municipal Growth were the Contention of New York as 
to Ownership of Riparian Lands in New Jersey, the 
Difficulties Arising from Ground Rents and an Irredeem- 
able Mortgage, and the Union of Divergent Powers in one 
Corporation, which was both a Land Company and a 
Municipality — " Taxation Without Representation " — 
Jersey City is Incorporated in 1820 — Early Expenditures 



14 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

of the Board of Selectmen — A Surplusage of Domesti- 
cated Animals — The New Charter of 1837— Statistics 
concerning Growth of Population 1840 to 1900 — The 
Smaller Municipalities of Hudson County — Date of 
Incorporation — Hoboken's Remarkable Grow'th from 1850 
to 1860— Her Development from 1850 to 1900— Bayonne 
and West Hoboken and their Remarkable Increase in 
Population — Newark is Governed by Town Meeting from 
Settlement to 1836 — A Replica of Certain Phases of New 
England Life — Past Memories of the Young City — The 
Panic of 1837 and its Effect upon local Industries, par- 
ticularly the Leather Trade — Statistics as to Population 
1820 to 1900 — The Oranges, Irvington, Bloomfield, and 
Llewellyn Park — Bloomfield, Newark, and Orange 
Wards Created in 1806 — Alexander Hamilton and the 
Protection of American Manufactures — His Policy of an 
Object Lesson and of Effective Federal Legislation — 
" The Society for Establishing Manufactures " is Incor- 
porated in 1791 — The Cotton Industry — Water Power 
at the Great Falls of the Passaic and the Coming of the 
New Society — Rights and Privileges of the Society — 
Paterson is Established and Incorporated in 1831 — What 
the Census Shows for Paterson and Passaic City. 



CHAPTER XVI 

TRENTON, ELIZABETH, NEW BRUNSWICK, CAMDEN, 

AND SMALLER CITIES 257-269 

Mahlon Stacy, at his Assanpink Mill, founds the City of 
Trenton — The State Capital shifts between Burlington 
and Perth Amboy — Trenton Selected in 1790 and the 
Capitol Completed in 1796 — Trenton Incorporated as a 
City in 1792 — The Aristocratic Type of the Act Erecting 
the Municipality — A Government for the People, but not 
of or by Them — Comparison between the Trenton Charter 
of 1792 and the State Constitution of 1776— Elizabeth- 
town, Conspicuous in Colonial Days, becomes the Home 
of Revolutionary Patriots — Its Early Charters and 
Indications of Industrial Growi^h — It Assumes Place as a 
Residential City — A Comparison between Elizabeth and 
Tienton in the Matter of Growth of Population 1820 to 
1900 — New Brunswick and its Dutch settlers from 
Albany — The Old World Spirit in Local Architecture on 



ONY AND AS A STATE 15 

the Streets near the Raritan River — Rutgers College 
Triumphs over Early Vicissitudes — " Cooper's Ferries " 
the Beginning of Camden's Life — What Railroad Ter- 
minals and Manufacturers Accomplished — Some Com- 
parisons of Growth — The Remarkable Development of 
Atlantic City — A Glance at the Seaside Resorts — How 
the Smaller Cities have Grown — Some that have Re- 
mained Stationary — The Borough Governments. 



CHAPTER XVII 

THE GROWTH OF THE COUNTIES AND THEIR 

CAPITALS 271-287 

Hunterdon County in Population Leads the List in 1790 
— Sussex takes First Place in 1800 — Essex forges to the 
Front in 1810 — Sussex Reaches her Zenith in 1820 — 
Warren County Created in 1824 — Essex again Leads in 
1830— The New Cities of East Jersey— Between 1830 
and 1840 Gloucester, Hudson, Mercer, and Passaic 
Counties are Organized — They Drain Population from 
the Territorial Subdivisions from which they are Created 
— A Study of Population in 1850 as Related to Hudson 
and Essex Counties — Camden and Ocean Counties Erected 
— The Distinctively Rural Counties Practically Remain 
Stationary — Union County is Established — The Overflow 
into the Metropolitan Area of New Jersey between 1850 
and 1860 — In Spite of the Civil War Hudson and Essex 
grow with Marvelous Rapidity — Sussex County Decreases 
in Number of People — Three Characteristics of the 
Closing Quarter of the Nineteenth Century — The Growth 
of the Greater Metropolitan Area — Tnat Affected by 
New York City and of the Lesser Metropolitan Area — 
That Affected by Philadelphia — The Development of the 
Sea Coast Counties and the Stagnation of the Distinct- 
ively Rural Centers — From 1890 to 1900 Bergen County 
has the Largest Percentage of Increase — Other Counties 
in the Greater Metropolitan Area — The Geographical 
Extent of Philadelphia's Influence — How the Counties in 
Central and Southern New Jersey have Grown — These 
Embrace one-fifth of the total Population of New Jersey, 
the New Jersey Area three-fifths, and the Counties in 
Association with both Cities the Remaining one-fifth — 
The Coastwise Coimties and tlieir Increase from 1870 to 



16 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

1900 — The Remaining Counties— County Capitals Ex- 
clusive of the Large Cities — Cape May Court House and 
its First Jail — The Whaling Settlement at Town Bank — 
John May and May's Landing — Tom's River the Center 
of Industries Characteristic of the " Pines " — These, Re- 
spectively the Shire Towns of Cape May, Atlantic, and 
Ocean Counties, form a Distinctive Group — Another 
Group of Shire Towns are Bridgeton, of Cumberland 
County, Salem, of Salem County, Woodbury, of Glouces- 
ter County, Mount Holly, of Burlington County, and 
Freehold, of Monmouth County — Bridgeton's early rapid 
Growth and her Industries — Woodbury becomes a Resi- 
dential Center for Philadelphians — Salem and her Former 
Prestige — Mount Holly Before the Civil War — Freehold 
and Village Improvement — These two Groups Reflect, 
to a Greater or Less Degree, Southern Influence — Flem- 
ington, Hunterdon County, Belvidere, Warren County, 
Somerville, Somerset County, Morristown, Morris County, 
and Hackensack, Bergen County, Represent the Third 
and Last Group — Flemington and Belvidere and their 
Enterprises — Somerville as a Manufacturing Commimity 
— Morristown and the Experiments with the Electro- 
Magnetic Telegraph — Newton's Prominence — Hacken- 
sack and the Johnson Library. 



CHAPTER XVIII 

NEW JERSEY AND HER PUBLIC SCHOOLS 289-300 

The Slow Growth of the Idea of Popular Education — 
Acts Promoting Literature before 1800 — The Influence 
of Thomas JeflFerson's " Notes " — John Parker, of Perth 
Amboy, Urges the Cause of Popular Education in the 
Legislature 1806 to 1817— The First " Free School" Act 
— The Riparian Land Interests — Propagandists of the 
New Movement — The " Friends of Education " Meet in 
Trenton — Agitation for the Establishment of a Normal 
School — Various State Schools — The Present Law Gov- 
erning Public Schools — Manual Training, Libraries, and 
Ventilation — A Constitutional Guarantee as to Free Edu- 
cation — Sources of Funds for Support of Public Schools 
— Academies and Secondary Institutions — A Review of 
these Institutions by Counties — Tlieological Seminaries. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 17 

CHAPTER XIX 

NEW JERSEY'S TOPOGRAPHY AND ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY ^^^"^^^ 

Statistics as to the Area of New Jersey-Practically 
One-hall of the State as yet in Forest, in Tracts of Ten 
Acres or Over— The Four Topographic Zones—What 
the Appalachian Zone Includes— Characteristics of the 
Kittatinny Valley-The Highlands Zone and its Lakes— 
The Red Sandstone or Piedmont Zone and its irap 
Rocks-The Coastal Zone and its Clay Beds, Gravels, 
and Marls— The Various Geological Surveys— All the 
Larger Geological Formations, Except Coal, Occurring in 
the United States are Found in New Jersey—The 
Crystalline Rocks of the Highlands are the Oldest For- 
mation^Iron and Zinc Ores-The Paleozoic Rocks, 
Magnesian Limestones, and Slate are Characteristic— 
The Mesozoic Formations and Trap Rocks— The Cre- 
taceous Rocks and the Formations of the Coastal Plane— 
The Terminal Moraine of the Last Glacial Ice— Magnetic 
Iron Ores of Morris and Warren Counties— Decline of 
the "Bog Iron" Industries— Zinc and Copper Ores- 
Graphite and Minor Formations— The Extent of the Clay 
Deposits and of Building Stone Quarries— Miscellaneous 
Formations. 



CHAPTER XX 

THE FERTILE FARMS OF NEW JERSEY 315-327 

New Jersey's Support given Agricultural Interests, 
before the Civil War, Largely of an Indirect Character 
—Colonial Legislation Directed toward the Offering of 
Rewards for the Heads or Pelts of Destructive Animals, 
Prohibiting Firing of Woods and Meadows, and enabling 
Owners to Bank and Drain Marsh Land— Andrg Michaux, 
Botanist of the French King, and the Plan to Establish a 
Botanical Garden near Bergen— A System of Botanical 
Exchange in 1786— The Projec^. Probably Failed by 
Reason of the Advent of the French Revolution— The 
New Jersey State Agricultural Society anJ its Incorpo- 
ration in 1840_Later Phases of State Encouragement to 
Voluntary Associations— Cumberland County in 1827 
Leads in Organization— Societies of Agriculturists and 

[Vol. 4] 



18 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Horticulturists Considered by Counties — The Dairy- 
Interests — The Camden and Amboy's " Pea Line " be- 
fore 1840 — The Peach District and where Small 
Fruits are Grown — Huckleberries and Cranberries — The 
Poultry Industry of Central Southern New Jersey — 
Truck Farming for the Philadelphia Market — Statistics 
Concerning the Corn, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Buckwheat, Hay, 
and White and Sweet Potato Crops — The State Agricul- 
tural College— The Efforts of Charles K. Landis in South 
Jersey — The Advent of the Russian Jews — Woodbine in 
Cape May County — The Colony Established by Fund 
of Baron de Hirsch the most Conspicuous of these Settle- 
ments — The Work that the Hebrews have Accomplished 
in South Jersey. 



CHAPTER XXI 

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE UNITED STATES LIFE- 
SAVING SERVICE 329-342 

Ex-Governor Newell speaks the Last Word Concerning 
the United States Lifesaving Service — He Witnesses, in 
1839, the Wreck of the " Count Perasto " on Long Beach 
— The Story of the Disaster — The Wreck Suggests 
Methods to Save Human Life — Some Primitive Experi- 
ments — The Struggle for a Congressional Appropriation 
— Governor Newell, as a Member of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, offers a Resolution and at First is Totally 
Ignored — Some of Those who Refused to Concur — A 
World-Renowned System Saved by a Small Appropria- 
tion—The Wreck of the " Ayreshire " in 1850— The Suc- 
cess of Newell's Plan — A Sad Story of Suffering and 
Death — Dangers Upon the New Jersey Coast — The Sys- 
tem Extended Along the Coasts of New Jersey and Long 
Island — The Services of Capfain Douglass Ottinger — 
What Governor Newell Lived to See — The " New Era " 
Monument at Asbury Park — Resolutions of the Legisla- 
tures of the States of New Jersey and Washington. 



CHAPTER XXII 

NEW JERSEY AT THE OPENING OF THE 

TWENTIETH CENTURY 343-350 

The Material Advancement of New Jersey Vastly Pro- 



ONY AND AS A STATE J^ 

moted by her Industries and her Systems of Transporta- 
tion—Statistics as to the Extent of the Following Great 
Industries of the State: Silk, Brick, Terra Cotta, 
Window and Bottle Glass, Men's Felt and Wool Hats, 
Celluloid, Jewelry, Pottery, Rubber, Leather, Shoes, 
Woolen and Worsted Goods, Chemical Products, Refined 
Oils and their by-Products, Iron, and Steel— Special In- 
dustries: Soap, Tallow, Perfumery, Sugar, Machinery, 
Shipbuilding, Breweries, Wall Paper, Sheet Metal, etc.— 
Transportation — Mileage and Statistical Information 
Concerning the Following Railroad Systems: Pennsyl- 
vania, West Jersey and Seashore, Central Railroad of 
New Jersey, Philadelphia and Reading, Delaware, 
Lackawanna and Western, Erie, New York, Susque- 
hanna and Western, Lehigh Valley, and Unclassified 

Roads Canals: the Delaware and Raritan and the 

MoiTis Canals and their Feeders — Cable, Electric, and 
Horse Railroads. 



CHAPTER XXIII 

GENERAL INDEX 351-402 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Parker, Joel Frontispiece 

Dayton, William L. Facing p. 64 

Frelinghuysen, Frederick T Facing p. .M 

Hamilton, Alexander Facing p. 250 

Hobart, Garret A Facing p. 194 

Little Falls on the Passaic Facing p. 348 

Monument at Springfield Facing p. 348 

Morristown in 1828 Facing p. 260 

Newark, view of Facing p. 114 

Olden, Charles S Facing p. 82 

Old State House at Trenton Facing p. 260 

Trenton, view of Facing p. 294 

Weehawken Bluff Facing p. 310 



PAGE 

Abbett, Leon 185 

Acquackanonk, view of 254 

At a county fair 324 

Atlantic cable, section of 346 

Basking Ridge, school house 

at 294 

Bedle, Joseph D 146 

Blaine, James G 178 

Breckinridge, John C 86 

Campbell, William H 266 

Centennial Exposition, the 

New Jersey building at.... 122 
Cockloft Hall and summer 

house 24S 

Coles, Abraham 297 

Colfax, Schuyler 11(5 

Communipaw 235 

County buildings at Flem- 

ington in 1840 285 

County fair, at a 324 

Crane Tavern, the 349 

Douglas, Stephen A 65 

Dynamite cruiser " Vesu- 
vius " 220 

Elizabethtown in 1840 263 

Ericsson's "Monitor" 84 

Ewing, Charles 293 

Farragut's flagship " Hart- 
ford " 89 



PAGE 

First telegraph line 286 

Flemington, county build- 
ings at, in 1840 285 

Foot stove, an old 42 

Frelinghuysen, Frederick T. 97 

Grant, U. S 171 

Green, Robert Stockton 188 

Hamilton, Alexander, tablet. 25J 
" Hartford," Farragut's flag- 
ship SS) 

Hoboken in 1776 244 

Irving, Washington 248 

Jersey City in 1820 243 

Kemble arms 246 

Kilpatrick, Judson 165 

Lincoln, Abraham 68 

Ludlow, George C 178 

Maclean, John 47 

Marshall, James W 61 

McClellan. George B 76 

"Monitor," Ericsson's 84 

Monmouth Court House 278 

New Jersey building at the 

Centennial Exposition 122 

New York in the eighteenth 

century 30 

Newark in 1832 274 

Original thirteen colonies, 
map of 6 



22 



NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 



PAGE 

Paterson, William 253 

Paulding, James Kirke 247 

Phelps, William Walter 156 

Rahway, central part of 26S 

Randolph, Theodore F 166 

Runyon, Theodore 81 

Rutgers, Henry 265 

School house at Basking 

Ridge 294 

Seward, William H 52 

Seymour, Horatio 169 

Slave market in New York.. 26 

Stevens, Commodore 128 

Stevens, Thaddeus 334 

Stone house at South Or- 
ange 249 



FAOB 

Tablet on Alexander Hamil- 
ton's monument 250 

Telegraph line, the flrst 286 

Tliirtecn colonies, map of 

the original 6 

Tilden, Samuel J 174 

Van Vorst homestead, the.. 237 
" Varick, R., Esq., Mayor, 

1796" 238 

" "Vesuvius," the dynamite 

cruiser 220 

Views ..26, 30, 35, 217, 235, 237, 
243, 244, 246, 249, 254, 263, 268, 
274, 276, 279, 285, 286, 294, 299, 

318, 321, 323, 327 

Ward, Marcus L 99 

Wilson, Henry 118 



CHAPTER I 

The Rise and Fall of Slavery in New Jersey 



THE institution of slavery had early- 
lodgment within the limits of what 
is now New Jersey. For a proper 
understanding of the ethical and 
economic relation the State bore to 
slavery, the history of the institution in New Jer- 
sey may be reviewed. 

As a broad, general proposition it may be said 
that the most advanced minds of Continental 
Europe during the first half of the seventeenth 
century held that there was no moral wrong in the 
holding of slaves, the important question being: 
"Does it pay to introduce bond-labor in place of 
free in new colonies T' Whether it would pay or 
not depended upon the cost of importing negroes 
and their maintenance on the American continent 
under adverse conditions of soil and climate. 
These questions both the Hollanders on the Hud- 
son and the Swedes on the Delaware answered to 
their own satisfaction. They brought to the shores 
of those rivers blacks from the west coast of Afri- 
ca and enslaved members of various tribes of the 
great Algonkin nation, with whom they came in 
contact, thus establishing the institution at the 
very beginnings of European settlement in New 
Jersey. 

Although enjoying a more favorable climate 
upon the Delaware, the Swedes held fewer slaves 
than the Dutch in the valley of the Hudson pos- 



26 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



sessed. Slave owning meant expense, which the 
poor Swede planter was not so well able to as- 
sume as the more wealthy Hollander. The Swedes 
were also more given to forest-ranging and to pel- 
try hunting than were the Dutch, who, while they 
dealt in furs, gave more attention to agriculture, 
in which pursuit the services of the slaves were 
in demand. But while slavery was a recognized 
feature in the social customs of the two colonizing 
nations it by no means came as prominently to 
the fore as it did during the times of the English 
occupancy. 

The earliest allusion to slavery after the trans- 
fer of Holland's political control of the territory, 
then for the first time called New Jersey, is to be 
found in the ''Concessions and Agreement" of 
the Lords Proprietors, Berkeley and Carteret. In 
the provisions of this document, promulgated in 
1664, slaves are mentioned as a basis for the al- 
lotment of land to their owners, prospective colo- 
nists. 

That slaves were brought into the then proprie- 
tary colony of New Jersey contemporaneously 
with the advent of the English settler is unques- 
tionably true. It was as early as 1675 that an act 
forbade individuals from harboring, transporting, 
or entertaining apprentices, servants, or slaves, 
while Secretary Nicolls reported to the Duke of 
York in 1680 that Colonel Lewis Morris, of Shrews- 




AN EARLY SLAVE MARKET IN NEW YORK. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 27 

bury, ironmaster and plantation owner, had sixty 
or seventy "Negres about the mill and Hus- 
bandries in that Plantation. ' ' 

Again, in 1682, an act was passed prohibiting 
trading with slaves, not only negroes in servitude 
but Indians being especially designated. Thence 
for a hundred years the laws of the State of New 
Jersey recognized full blooded negroes, mulattoes, 
and '' half-breeds " — mixed Indian and negro 
stock — as being slaves. Abundant evidence of 
this is to be found in a long list of newspaper ex- 
tracts, relating to runaway slaves, reprinted in the 
New Jersey Archives. As late as 1797, in an 
habeas corpus proceeding, the chief justice of the 
Supreme Court of New Jersey delivered this opin- 
ion, in which he speaks of the Lenni-Lenap^ ; 

They (the Indians) have been so long recognized as slaves in our 
law, that it would be as great a violation of the rights of property 
to establish a contrary doctrine at the present day, as it would be 
in the case of Africans, and as useless to investigate the manner in 
which they originally lost their freedom. 

With the passing of the proprietary govern- 
ment in 1702 and the coming of Governor Corn- 
bury, charged with a multitude of special ''In- 
structions," slavery in New Jersey assumed a 
somewhat altered political aspect. One of them 
directed him to encourage the Royal African 
Company, of which company James II, as 
Duke of York, but a few years before had been 



28 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

president. It was desired that, through the in- 
strumentality of the Royal African Company, 
there should be ''a constant and sufficient supply, 
of merchantable negroes, at moderate rates," to 
be had in New Jersey. In this matter the govern- 
or was instructed to prevent any encroachments 
which might be made by citizens of New Jersey 
upon the trading privileges of the company, the 
Royal African Company being practically a 
''trust" engaged in kidnapping negroes and sell- 
ing them to the colonists, and thus to a degree 
regulating the supply of labor on the American 
continent. Governor Cornbury was further di- 
rected to report annually the number and value 
of slaves in the province. It was in 1714 that an 
act was passed laying a duty of ten pounds upon 
every slave for sale imported to New Jersey, 
which law remained in force until 1721. This re- 
strictive legislation, following a Pennsylvania 
precedent, was needful to stimulate the plan of 
populating the colony by white servants. From 
this act may be traced two lines of anti-slavery 
agitation— one ethical, whose leading exponent 
was Woolman; the other economic, based upon 
the consideration that slavery in New Jersey, 
owing to a variety of causes, was in itself com- 
mercially unprofitable. What may be termed a 
political view, that a race of whites partially en- 
dowed with the right of suffrage must eventually 



ONY AND AS A S TATE 29 

come into conflict witk an alien race— either In- 
dian or negro— having no political rights, had not 
yet arisen. 

With the expiration in 1721 of the act laying a 
duty of ten pounds upon imported negroes there 
came nearly a half century of conflict between the 
House of Assembly and the Council concerning the 
question of regulation of the slave trade. In 1739 
and 1744 the Assembly passed bills the tendency 
of which was toward an entire prohibition of im- 
portation of slaves from abroad. The act of 1744 
laid a duty of ten pounds upon West India slaves 
and five pounds upon those from Africa. The 
West Indian expedition, the allurements of priva- 
teering, the establishment of linen industries in 
Ireland, and the Silesiau War had in various ways 
caused high wages and a lack of labor, both do- 
mestic and foreign. Once more, in 1761, the As- 
sembly passed a bill fixing duties upon slaves, 
which Governor Hardy, when the measure 
reached Council, refused to sign in accordance 
with the tenor of his "Instructions." In 1762 the 
Assembly succeeded in securing the consent of 
Council to an act levying upon negroes an im- 
port duty of forty shillings in the eastern division 
and six pounds in the western division of New 
Jersey, a form of legislation apparently discrimi- 
native, but which was necessitated by the fact 
that in New York a duty of two pounds was laid 



30 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



and in Pennsylvania ten pounds. But the meas- 
ure never reached the King for his approval, be- 
cause the Lords of Trade, disclaiming ' ' any oppo- 
sition to the policy of an import duty, ' ' discovered 
some ''technical faults" in the measure. 

The desire on the part of the House of Assembly 
to secure the regulation of slave trade by prohibit- 
ive duties was an expression of both the commer- 
cial and the ethical sentiment of the time. In 1761 
the House of Assembly had been partially influ- 
enced in its action by the desire to secure revenue 
from slaves whe were "landed" in New Jersey 
and then ' ' run into ' ' New York and Pennsylvania 
for the purpose of escaping duties laid by those 
provinces. Experience had taught the colonists 
that many parts of New Jersey were not fitted for 
the employment of slaves, particularly in the new- 
ly settled regions of the northern central and 
northwestern parts of the State, where the winters 
were too severe for unacclimated Africans. Be- 
sides the plantations of the Hollanders of the Rari- 
tan Valley and of Bergen County, as well as the 
jfarms of Monmouth County and South Jersey, 
were "overstocked." 

Added to this the doctrines of John Woolman, 
while not essentially novel, were at least so vig- 
orously and convincingly presented that he had 
W03r&ver many members^f the Society of Friends 
to an Tinqualified support (Sb^p^ttesfevery^senti- 




ONY AND AS A STATE 31 

ment. Although the Society in America, in Eng- 
land and in Ireland, had repeatedly declared itself 
as opposed to human slavery in any form its in- 
junctions had rested lightly upon some of its most 
influential members — the wealthy plantation 
owners of West Jersey. This ethical influence 
was already being felt in the House of Assembly, 
and unquestionably had crept into Council. 

From 1769 until the close of the colonial period 
an act was in force imposing a uniform duty for 
the entire province. The preamble of the law in- 
dicates that its spirit was both commercial and 
political. New Jersey took action under the stimu- 
lus of other colonies, which provinces had found 
such duties were beneficial in leading to the emi- 
gration of ' ' sober, industrious foreigners, ' ' in pro- 
moting a general spirit of industry, and in com- 
pelling those who purchased slaves to ''contribute 
some equitable proportion of the public burdens. ' ' 
Fifteen pounds was laid upon the purchaser of 
every slave who had not been in the colony a year, 
or whose duty had not been paid. 

The last quarter of the century may well be 
designated as the period of agitation concerning 
the abolition of slavery in the State of New Jersey. 
The movement had grown slowly, and was un- 
questionably inaugurated as early as 1696, when 
the yearly meetings of the Societies of Friends in 
Pennsylvania and New Jersey recommended their 



32 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

members cease from further importation of slaves. 
J. W. Dally, in his ''Woodbridge and Vicinity,'* 
says that one of the monthly meetings of Friends 
in Woodbridge, held in 1738, reported slavery 
practically abolished among Quakers in that re- 
gion. For several years no negro had been im- 
ported or purchased by Friends. This may have 
grown out of a recommendation made by the 
yearly meeting of 1716, when it was desired ''that 
Friends generally do as much as may be to avoid 
buying such negroes as shall hereafter be brought 
in * * * . Yet this is only caution, not cen- 
sure." In 1758 the Philadelphia yearly meeting 
endeavored to induce Friends to set their slaves 
at liberty, ''making a Christian provision for 
them. ' ' This fell hard upon some masters, under 
the colonial manumission law, which required 
owners to enter into security to provide for their 
manumitted negroes in case the former slaves 
needed aid. Under such circumstances those de- 
siring to manumit slaves held them until the ne- 
groes had reached thirty years of age, compelling 
them to work without wages. 

The rising wave of democracy which swept over 
the colonies previous to the Revolution brought a 
sentiment in favor of restriction of slavery by the 
prohibition of importation and the regulation of 
manumission. In 1773 the Counties of Cumber- 
land, Burlington, Monmouth, Middlesex, Hunter- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 33 

don, and Essex presented eight petitions to the 
House of Assembly, ''all setting forth the evils 
arising from human slavery." In 1775 fifty-two 
inhabitants of the township of Chesterfield in the 
County of Burlington, many of whom were mem- 
bers of the Society of Friends, prayed that the 
Legislature ''pass an act to set free all the slaves 
now in the Colony." Again, in 1778, Governor 
William Livingston urged the House of Assembly 
to make provision for the manumission of slaves, 
and that in a time when some negroes deserting 
their masters were joining Tory raiders in their 
devilish deeds committed among the farmers of 
the tidewater regions of the State. Governor Liv- 
ingston, who could not be said to be in religious 
sympathy with the Society of Friends, was "con- 
vinced" that the practice of slavery was inconsist- 
ent "with the principles of Christianity and hu- 
manity, and in Americans, who have almost idol- 
ized liberty, particularly odious and disgraceful." 
During the Revolution the vast and momentous 
questions of self-preservation, and the establish- 
ment of those national and State governments so 
auspiciously inaugurated, were so continuously 
present as to cast into secondary importance any 
more or less theoretical proposition such as the 
restriction or abolition of slavery. But in 1785, 
with the return of peace, a monster petition from 
the inhabitants of New Jersey reached the House 

[Vol. 4] 



34 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL 

of Assembly urging gradual abolition and pre- 
vention of importation. During the following 
year, in a preamble to an act passed to restrain 
slave importations, the ethical phase of the ques- 
tion appeared, when the statute openly declared 
that the custom of bringing ''unoffending Afri- 
cans" from their native country into a condition 
of slavery was "barbarous." The act itself im- 
posed a penalty of fifty pounds for bringing slaves 
into New Jersey imported from Africa since 1776, 
and a penalty of twenty pounds for all others im- 
ported. Those having but a transient residence in 
New Jersey were permitted to bring slaves into 
the State, but were not allowed to sell them in 
New Jersey. In 1788 the fitting out of slave ships 
was prohibited by forfeiture of vessels, cargoes, 
and appurtenances, while the export trade was ab- 
solutely forbidden, but the act did not apply to 
those emigrating from the State accompanied by 
their slaves. 

In 1798 the subject was embraced in a general 
slave law. In 1812 and in 1818 there was addi- 
tional legislation, the act of the latter year being 
directed against kidnapping of blacks. The stat- 
ute imposed fine and imprisonment for those who 
illegally exported life or ''term" slaves or serv- 
ants of color. Those having resided in New Jer- 
sey for five years and then removing from the 
State might take away any slave which had been 



ONY AND AS A STATE 35 

his property for five years preceding the date of 
removal. To this removal the consent of the slave, 
who must be of full age, was required. A license 
from the county court of common pleas was also 
required. Any inhabitant of New Jersey might 
be accompanied by his slave on a journey to any 
part of the United States, but if the slave was not 
returned by his master the owner was subjected 
to a heavy penalty. 

Of all slave legislation in the State of New Jer- 
sey the ''gradual abolition" act of 1804 was by far 
the most important as well as the most interest- 
ing. It was the culmination of an organized move- 
ment to abolish slavery, which in 1786, according 
to Henry Scofield Cooley, led to the establishment 
of the New Jersey Abolition Society for that pur- 
pose. This society was formed in Trenton, and 
embraced a small but influential membership, 
largely drawn from the Society of Friends. In the 
constitution adopted at Burlington, ''27th of 2d 
month," 1793, the society declared its abhorrence 
of "that inconsiderate, illiberal, and interested 
policy which withholds those rights from an un- 
fortunate and degraded class of our fellow 
creatures. ' ' 

But a few years before the founding of the New 
Jersey Abolition Society Rhode Island had taken 
like action in 1789 and Connecticut in 1790, while 
a pro slavery movement was influencing public f^/^^ 




36 NEW JERSEY AS A (X)L 

thought in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. In 
1794 ten States were represented in the Philadel- 
phia convention of anti-slavery societies, the presi- 
dent of the convention being Governor Joseph 
Bloomfield. This body recommended the institu- 
tion of annual discourses on the subject of slavery, 
says Henry Wilson in his ** History of the Rise 
and Fall of the Slave Power in America,*' and sent 
forth an address to the citizens of the United 
States from the pen of the philanthropist, phy- 
sician, and statesman. Dr. Benjamin Rush, of 
Philadelphia. Governor Bloomfield signed a me- 
morial of the convention praying that Congress 
pass a law to prohibit the traffic carried on by 
American citizens to supply slaves to foreign na- 
tions and to prevent foreigners from fitting out 
vessels in this country for the African slave trade. 
Local societies also existed in Trenton, Salem 
City, and probably in other places, all seeking to 
ameliorate the condition of the slaves by constitu- 
tional and honorable means. Thus the Trenton 
society's standing committee was charged with 
superintending the morals and general conduct of 
the free blacks, and with advising, instructing, 
and protecting them. Their children were to be 
instructed, properly apprenticed, and encouraged 
in good morals and habits of temperance and in- 
dustry, while men and women of color were en- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 37 

couraged to work and to bind themselves out to a 
trade. 

The '^ gradual abolition" act of 1804 had for 
two years been before the Legislature, and when 
passed was signed by Governor Joseph Bloom- 
field, president of the New Jersey Abolition So- 
ciety. The act provided that every child born of 
a slave after the Fourth of July, 1804, should be 
free, remaining the servant of the owner of the 
mother until the age of twenty-five if a male, of 
twenty-one if a female. A similar provision had 
been defeated by a bare majority in the general 
slave law of 1798. The right to the services of 
such child could be assigned or transferred, be- 
coming a species of personal property according 
to an opinion rendered by the Supreme Court of 
New Jersey in 1827. A certificate of the birth of 
a child of a slave was required from all masters, 
such certificate being filed with the county clerk, 
while after a year the owner of the mother of a 
child might abandon it upon giving proper notice. 
Such a negro or mulatto child became a township 
or county charge, and was bound out to service by 
the overseers of the poor. This latter provision 
led to fraud, and by 1807 the disbursements from 
the State treasury for abandoned negro children 
"amounted to half as much as all other disburse- 
ments whatever." In 1811, after much supple- 



38 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

mentaiy legislation, this door to treasury raiding 
was closed by the repeal of the provision. 

Under the first section of the first article of 
New Jersey's constitution of 1844 the State de- 
clared that all men are by nature "free and inde- 
pendent," that their natural and inalienable 
rights include, among others, ''those of enjoying 
and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possess- 
ing, and protecting property, and of pursuing and 
obtaining safety and happiness." Under a similar 
provision of the Massachusetts constitution of 
1780 the courts of that State held that slavery in 
that coimnonwealth was abolished. Not so in 
New Jersey. The New Jersey Supreme Court held 
that the section was a ''general proposition," and 
"did not apply to man in his private, individual, 
or domestic capacity. ' ' Slavery, in name and large- 
ly in fact^ was abolished in New Jersey during 
the year 1846, and marks another manifestation 
of that period of social unrest characteristic of 
the Jacksonian era. The abolition law turned ev- 
ery slave into an apprentice, without manumis- 
sion, being bound to service to his owner, execu- 
tors, or administrators until properly discharged. 
Much of the old slave legislation was reenacted, 
particularly as to the imposition for harboring 
such apprentices, or their sale to non-residents. 
Absolute freedom from birth was given to chil- 
dren bom of such negro apprentices, the children 



ONY AND AS A STATE 39 

to be supported by their masters for six years 
after birth. 

During the decade preceding the adoption of the 
abolition law the Anti-Slavery or Liberty party 
had grown in strength. In Philadelphia during 
the year 1833 the American Anti-Slavery Society 
had been formed. The constitution, as Professor 
McMaster shows, declared that each State had the 
exclusive right to regulate slavery within its bor- 
ders, that the society endeavored to persuade 
Congress to stop the inter-State slave trade, to 
abolish slavery in the territories and the District 
of Columbia, and to admit no more slave States 
into the Union. Instantly there was an effort made 
by the South to suppress the society. The aboli- 
tionists began a '' campaign of education,'' which 
the federal administration attempted to suppress 
by permitting postmasters to remove newspapers, 
pamphlets, monographs, and other printed docu- 
ments from the mails. Mobs attacked abolition 
meetings, insulted the speakers, destroyed news- 
papers, while Congress, from 1836 to 1844, en- 
forced a *'gag" rule forbidding any paper relat- 
ing to slavery or its abolition to be received. In 
April, 1840, driven to extremes, yet not deviating 
from a path so rugged and tortuous, the Anti- 
Slavery men met and nominated a presidential 
ticket, and in 1844 the new organization was 
named the ** Liberty party." 



40 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Then the spirit of John Woohnan appeared 
among the ** travelling Friends." In their jour- 
neys to preach among the meetings of the Society 
in New Jersey many Quakers refused to drink 
sugar in their tea or coffee, because such sugar 
came from plantations where slave labor was em- 
ployed. 

As to the number of slaves held in New Jersey 
until the taking of the census of 1737 there is no 
definite information. A customs house report 
made from Perth Amboy in 1726 states that from 
1698 to 1717 none was imported, and only one hun- 
dred and fifteen from 1718 to 1726, yet in 1737, 
according to Gordon's ''Gazetteer of New Jersey," 
there were four thousand slaves in the province, 
forming eight and four-tenths per cent, of a total 
population of forty-seven thousand four hundred 
and two. In 1745 the number of slaves had in- 
creased to four thousand six hundred, or seven 
and five-tenths per cent, of the total population 
of sixty-one thousand four hundred. Until 1790 
figures are by no means accurate. Some idea of 
the prevalence of slave labor may be gained from 
a statement made by the late William A. White- 
head, who preserved a report that in 1776 only one 
house in Perth Amboy was ** served by hired free 
white domestics." 

The census of 1790 shows that there were in New 
Jersey about eleven thousand five hundred slaves, 



ONY AND AS A STATE 41 

or six and two-tenths per cent, of the total popu- 
lation. Although in 1800 the number of slaves in- 
creased to about twelve thousand five hundred 
the percentage was only five and eight-tenths. 
This gave New Jersey a larger slave population 
than any slave State north of Mason and Dixon's 
line except New York. During the year 1790 the 
distribution of slaves among the counties of the 
State may be of interest and is herewith presented. 
The County of Bergen, with twelve thousand 
six hundred people, contained twenty-three hun- 
dred slaves, or one-sixth of its population, practi- 
cally the same ratio being held by Somerset Coun- 
ty. One twenty-fifth of the sixteen thousand two 
hundred inhabitants of Morris County were slaves. 
In Middlesex County the number was one-twelfth, 
in Essex and Hunterdon Counties one-fifteenth, 
and in Monmouth one-tenth. In Cape May County 
the ratio was one-twentieth, in Sussex County one- 
forty-fifth. The influence of the Quaker sentiment 
is apparent in the large South Jersey counties, 
where the Society of Friends was most influential. 
In Gloucester County, with a population of thirteen 
thousand three hundred, there were only three 
hundred slaves ; in Burlington County, with eight- 
een thousand people, there were but two hundred 
and twenty-five slaves; and in Cumberland, with 
eight thousand inhabitants, but one hundred and 
twenty slaves. 



42 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




AN OLD FOOT STOVE. 



In 1810, owing to the operation of the ' ' gradual 
emancipation" law, the number of slaves had 
been reduced to about ten thousand nine hundred, 
and in 1820 to seven thousand five hundred, form- 
ing in the latter year but two and seven-tenths 
per cent, of the population. By 1830, with a gen- 
eral State population of 321,000, there were still 
twenty-two hundred slaves in New Jersey, more 
than were owned in all New England, New York, 
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and 
Ohio. In 1840 there were but six hundred and 
seventy-four. The year 1850 found two hundred 
and thirty-six slaves, legally apprentices for life 
under the ''abolition" act of 1846, and in 1860 
this number had been reduced to eighteen out of a 
population of 672,000. It is the presence of these 
eighteen ''slaves," or apprentices, that has given 
rise to the oft-repeated tale that New Jersey held 
her slaves until the thirteenth amendment was 
adopted. 

Especially throughout the colonial period, and 
even until the early decades of the nineteenth 
century, the government and social condition of 
slaves in New Jersey is a matter worthy of consid- 
eration. From the trend of legislation before the 
"Union of 1702" it was evident that slaves were 
not allowed to travel from plantation to planta- 
tion without passes. In 1675 "ten shillings for ev- 
ery day^s entertainment and concealment" was 



ONY AND AS A STATE ^^ 

the penalty imposed upon those who wilfully har- 
bored slaves who ran away, not only to friends, 
but to nearby Indians, with whom the negroes 
associated and established more or less regular 
domestic relations. This legislation in 1694 was 
made more stringent. In 1714 slaves from an- 
other province travelling without a license were 
''taken up" and whipped, and as the years went 
by the laws became more rigid. Escape from 
masters was not the only subject of early 
police regulations. In East Jersey as early as 
1682 all traffic with slaves was forbidden; an act 
to prevent larceny. In 1694 no slave was per- 
mitted to carry a gun or pistol, or to take a dog 
into the woods or plantations unless his master 
also hunted with him. In 1685 the sale of rum to 
slaves was prohibited by West Jersey legislation. 
As early as 1751, and by similar legislation in 
1798, large or disorderly meetings of slaves were 
prohibited, and in the same years certain hours 
of the night were designated at which time all 
slaves must be at home. On Sunday slaves might 
bury their dead, attend places of worship, or do 
any other reasonable act with their master's con- 
sent, but they could not hunt or carry a gun. Nor 
was begging pennitted. In 1754 a special law 
applicable to the borough of Elizabethtown pro- 
vided that slaves and servants committing mis- 
demeanors, or indulging in **rude or disorderly 



> 



44 NEW JERSEY AS A CX)L 

behavior," could be committed to the workhouse 
or receive corporal punishment not exceeding 
thirty stripes. In 1799 this act was made applica- 
ble to the entire State. 

Through the operation of criminal laws it was 
early apparent that racial prejudices and lack of 
trustfulness had created a barrier between whites 
and blacks. In 1695 East Jersey passed an act 
creating a special court for the trial of crime-com- 
mitting slaves constituted by a statute, a prac- 
tice in use until 1768; nor was it until 1788 that 
special punishments inflicted upon slaves were 
abolished. Andrew D. Mellick, in his ''Story of 
An Old Farm," instances a death sentence pro- 
nounced in Monmouth County sessions, where a 
justice condemned a negro to having his hand 
cut off and burned before his eyes, to being hung, 
and his body burned to ashes. There are a large 
number of references in the unpublished records 
of the Supreme Court, as well as in contemporary 
newspapers, to death and lesser penalties inflicted 
upon slaves who had committed arson, rape, may- 
hem, and grand larceny, and attempting to encom- 
pass the life of their masters by the use of poison. 
"When slaves were executed their owners were 
recompensed by a payment of certain sums raised 
by a poll-tax upon all slaves in the county between 
the ages of fourteen and fifty. Burning at the 
stake as punishment for murder committed by a 



ONY AND AS A STATE 45 

slave was a form of execution, instances occur- 
ring in Perth Amboy in 1730 and 1751, in Somer- 
set County in 1739, and in Hackensack in 1741. , 

The severity of all this legislation was un- 
doubtedly due to the constant fear of "negro 
plots.'* As early as 1734 an attempted insurrec- 
tion in the vicinity of Somerville was quelled, and 
of thirty negroes apprehended one was hanged, 
some had their ears cropped, and others were 
lashed. The plan was said to have included mas- 
sacre, arson, and flight to the Indians and the 
French. As a result of the "Negro Conspiracy'* 
which so alarmed New York in 1741 two negroes 
were burned in Essex County after a large part 
of the population of the vicinity was under arms. 
Other plots were unearthed or supposed to be un- 
earthed in 1772, 1779, and 1796. 

The subject of manumission was a troublesome 
one to the colonial Legislatures. Fearing that 
free negroes would become "idle and slothful," 
a law of 1714 provided that every master manu- 
mitting a slave must pay, under bonds of two hun- 
dred pounds, an annuity of twenty pounds to such 
negro. This legislation, in spite of petitions, prac- 
tically remained long in force, and all slaves 
sound in mind and body, between twenty-one and 
thirty-five years of age, could be emancipated in 
legal form without security being given. All other 
cases required security. To this act as well as 



46 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

to more liberal emancipation legislation the 
courts of New Jersey gave a broad construction, 
the Supreme Court in 1794 going to the point of 
holding that mere general declarations of an in- 
tention to set negroes free, imaccompanied by any 
express promise or understanding, were sufficient 
authority for the court to declare the negroes 
free. 

Although the rights and privileges extended to 
slaves were few, in 1682 owners of negroes in 
East Jersey were required to allow them victuals 
and clothing, while Lord Cornbury was instructed 
to secure the passage of a law providing capital 
punishment for those who wilfully killed Indians 
and negroes. In 1786 and in 1798 'inhumanly 
treating and abusing" a slave on the part of a 
master could lead to the owner's indictment by 
grand jury and the infliction of a fine. Masters 
were compelled to support their slaves, and any 
one selling by fraud ' ' an aged or decrepit slave to 
a poor person unable to support him" was liable 
to a fine. In 1788 a statute directed, under fine, 
that all slaves for life or years bom after the pub- 
lication of the act, be taught to read before attain- 
ing the age of twenty-one years. A slave was al- 
lowed by the acts of 1714 and 1798 to testify in 
criminal cases where his evidence was for or 
against another slave. By reason of color he was 
presumed to be a slave, and the burden of proof 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



47 



lay upon him. ''Free negroes were commonly re- 
ceived as witnesses," says Cooley, although in the 
colonial period freedmen were denied the right of 
holding real estate. 

In religious matters, with the help of the 
whites, the negroes of New Jersey endeavored to 
secure for themselves separate places for worship. 
This effort was largely the outgrowth of the 
Methodist Episcopal movement, and began to 
take form as early as 1810. In that year a negro 
congregation was organized in Salem City, and 
thereafter in West Jersey other churches were es- 
tablished. Trenton followed in 1817, Gouldtown, 
near Bridgeton, in 1818, with Evesham and Mount 
Holly in 1826. In the thirties Bridgeton, Allen- 
town, Burlington, Camden, and Port Elizabeth 
were made centers for worship. The presence of 
many students in Princeton college, registering 
from the Southern States, accompanied by their 
body-servants, was one of the elements which led 
to the formation of a negro congregation in 
Princeton in 1832. By 1827 the negroes had built 
a church in New Brunswick, which was followed 
in 1836 by a similar edifice in Rah way. 

Yet in spite of religious liberty, and the fact 
that the slaves sometimes voted under the pro- 
visions of the State constitution of 1776, their ad- 
vantages even in New Jersey were limited. As 
to racial co-independence public opinion was an 




JOHN MACLEAN. 



John Maclean, D.D., LL.D., tenth president of 
Princeton College, 1853-6S ; son of Dr. John Maclean, 
first professor of chemistry in the college, and Phoebe 
Bainbridge ; 6. Princeton, N. J. ; grad. Princeton ISIU : 
tutor of Greek there 1S18 ; later professor of math^- 
maticR and ancient languages ; published sever;tl 
works ; d. at Princeton, Aug. 10, 1S86. 



48 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

unwritten constitution, a sentiment nowhere bet- 
ter expressed than by Francis Newton Thorpe in 
his "Constitutional History of the American Peo- 
ple, 1776-1850," when speaking of the slave he 
said of the negro in bondage : 

He was an outcast, overlooked by the tax gatherers, refused 
admission to the schools, denied entrance to the trades, dwelling 
on the thorny edge of village life, doctored by charity, watched by 
a slave-holding democracy, rejected from the society of the white 
men, and forbidden to mingle freely with his own. 



CHAPTER II 
The Undeeground Railroad. 



[Vol. 4] 



IT WAS the passage of the ** Fugitive Slave 
Law" in September, 1850, that brought to 
the fore an institution which, during the 
next decade, gained a peculiar national 
prominence. The stringent fugitive slave 
law of 1793, and the abortive attempt to give 
greater effectiveness to the measure by the legisla- 
tion of 1818, had become a dead letter. This was 
owing to the attitude of many of the free-labor 
States, which passed acts forbidding their magis- 
trates, under severe penalties, from assuming any 
part in carrying the law into effect. New Jersey, 
however, took no action, as she deemed existent 
legislation sufficient to cover all cases. 

The law of 1850 was originally a part of Clay's 
famous ''Omnibus Bill," and later passed as a 
separate measure. In its terms, very briefly 
stated, the ''Fugitive Slave Law" provided that 
United States commissioners could surrender a col- 
ored man or woman to anyone who claimed the 
negro as a slave; that the negro could not give 
testimony; "commanded" citizens to aid the 
"slave hunters" somewhat as a sheriff's posse 
would search for an escaped murderer; and 
sought to destroy the "underground railroad" by 
prescribing fine and punishment for those who 
harbored runaway slaves or prevented their re- 
capture. 
To the people of the State of New Jersey this 




62 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL 

act was of more than passing interest. Five per 
cent, of the total population of the State was of 
negro blood, free or slave. Many of these negroes 
were resident in West Jersey, their homes being 
upon the plantations or in the villages where their 
ancestors had formerly been slaves. It was into 
this portion of the State that the escaping negro 
from the South, particularly from Maryland, 
Northern Virginia, and the ' ' Eastern Shore, ' ' en- 
tered upon his way to New England or Canada. 
Safe out of Dover or Philadelphia, he caught his 
first breath of personal freedom. 

In its defiance of the federal statute the opera- 
tion of the "underground railroad" was of course 
unlawful. Yet among those members of the So- 
ciety of Friends who were most active in sending 
the slave to a place of security there was a special 
construction placed upon William H. Seward's 
declaration of the '* higher law," a construction 
that negatived the show of force presented by the 
armed parties of slave hunters who searched for 
escaping negroes along the valleys of Delaware 
Bay and Eiver or along the Hudson and the Rari- 
tan Rivers. 

The "underground railroad," as operated in 
New Jersey, like the "Topsies," who travelled 
ver it, "just growed. ' ' Traces of the system may 
be found early in the century, but it was not un- 
til the measure of Clay brought slavery to the 



WIIXIAM H. SEWARD. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 53 

front as the paramount issue that the "railroad" 
was generally considered. For escaping negroes 
Philadelphia was ever a great center, and here 
converged a number of routes which led to 
Quaker farm houses along the Maryland border. 
Thence across the Delaware into New Jersey the 
slaves were sent under the care of trusted agents, 
whose most active supporters were members of 
the Society of Friends. Who were the "officials" 
of this corporation, and how funds were secured, 
is even now largely a matter of conjecture, for as 
a recent contributor to popular literature upon 
this subject says: "It was an enterprise where 
statistics were considered heretical and where 
know-nothingism was a religion." 

In its operation, however, the "underground 
railroad" presented no difficult problems for the 
slave except that of fear of detection. For this 
reason the "trains" of slaves were generally sent 
through New Jersey at night, resting by day in 
barns, in the recesses of the woods, in cellars, or 
even in the kitchens of the most enthusiastic mem- 
bers of the cause. With but few exceptions the 
negroes of the State assisted the members of their 
race in thus escaping from their masters, for 
which work the trusted colored people of New 
Jersey were liberally supplied with food, clothes, 
and money. 

As a broad statement it may be said that the 



54 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

routes were numbered, and the stations designated 
by letters of the alphabet. A number of houses 
used for this purpose still stand. 

It is further stated as a fact that there were 
twelve different routes across the State, and three 
of them were principal routes, over which at least 
forty thousand slaves were secretly conducted. 

Of all the routes that known as Number 1 was 
probably the most conspicuous. Under the general 
charge of Jacob Bigelow, the southern part of the 
route extended from Philadelphia to Washington, 
District of Columbia. Crossing the Delaware, it 
entered New Jersey in the northern part of Cam- 
den County, at Morris station on the Camden and 
Amboy division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
Thence the route extended to Bordentown, to 
Princeton, and at points north and south of New 
Brunswick. In the words of a modem writer, 
agents of the ** railroad" were engaged in ferry- 
ing the escaping slaves ** across the Raritan River, 
for the bridges were never trusted. It was here 
that the slave chasers made their raids and caught 
in their drag nets many poor wretches. These 
raiders were paid well for every re-captured 
slave, and many unscrupulous men went into the 
business. Great precaution became necessary at 
these points, on the Raritan, so a secret service 
plan was put in operation. Friends of the cause, 
when they found the chasers too numerous, sent 



ONY AND AS A STATE 55 



out couriers to warn the approaching 'trains' of 
danger. A turn was then made toward Amboy 
and across to Staten Island, but a blockade was 
soon placed there. It then became necessary for 
each train as it approached the Raritan to wait 
until it received orders which way to seek the 
safest place for crossing. After crossing the Rari- 
tan those who did not go by Staten Island kept 
to the small roads until Jersey City was reached, 
where the smartest of the New York guides were 
on hand to direct the route across the State to 
Canada. Principal among these was John Ever- 
ett. The routes across New York were numer- 



>> 



ous. 

A second route across New Jersey was one said 
to have been organized by the Rev. Thomas Clem- 
ent Oliver, of Salem City. Thither, across the 
head of Delaware Bay, fresh from the plantations 
of Maryland, came fugitive slaves to seek a few 
hours ' asylum in their dash for freedom. In Salem 
City and its vicinity were many negroes who acted 
as guides from the State of Delaware. Boats car- 
rying blue and yellow signal lights would be met 
on the Jersey shore, frequently at Greenwich, 
Cumberland County, by such negroes as the slave- 
bom Harriet Tubman, of whom it was said she fed 
the black babies on paregoric and carried them 
in closed baskets like puppies, or John Mason, who 
claimed to have helped eighteen hundred slaves 



56 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

to freedom. From Greenwich the route lay 
through Swedesboro, Woodbury, and Camden, fre- 
quently around by Mount Holly, and by the way 
of Bordentown to Princeton. This route became 
popular because of the favorable conditions, for 
there was a continuous chain of Quaker families, 
many free negroes, swampy lands, and pine for- 
ests. 

Another route crossed the Delaware from Bris- 
tol to Burlington, and then by way of Trenton and 
Princeton to New Brunswick. Further up the 
Delaware Valley there was a route that started 
at Phillipsburg, thence to Somerville, to Elizabeth, 
and then across to Staten Island. This same route 
took a turn toward Morristown and then around 
Newark to Jersey City. 

North of the Raritan River the system of the 
''underground railroad" was diversified. Of 
minor routes some passed around Metuchen and 
Rahway, leading to Elizabethport. However, aft- 
er the slave chasers gathered there so thickly, the 
extension went around Newark and thence to 
New York. 

From time to time slave chasers, by no means 
Southern owners, but men from New York, Phila- 
delphia, and the State of New Jersey itself, tn- 
gaged, for hire and bounty, to attempt the secur- 
ing of the bodies of escaping negroes. These ex* 
peditions were largely unsuccessful owing to the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 57 

vigilance of the managers of the ''railroad" and 
the alertness of rescuing parties. Probably the 
most celebrated instance in which New Jersey 
chasers were involved was an attempt made to 
capture a fugitive which occurred as early as 1833. 
A lawsuit, under the title of Johnson v. Tomkins, 
finally brought the matter to the United States 
District Court. According to the presentation of 
facts a slave owner located a slave in the under- 
ground railroad station of John Kenderline, liv- 
ing in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The 
owner and a party from New Jersey attempted to 
get the slave over the river, but a rescuing party 
overtook them. Resultant physical violence was 
the basis of a suit for damages. Sustained by the 
United States Circuit Court, these damages were 
assessed at four thousand dollars, the judge re- 
marking the fact that the defendants were all 
Quakers and found it difficult to imagine the mo- 
tives of persons who were members of the Society 
so distinguished for their obedience to the laws. 

It has been frequently alleged that many of the 
New Jersey negroes are descendants of those 
slaves who escaped to the North during the ex- 
istence of the ' ' Fugitive Slave Law. ' ' Such, how- 
ever, is far from true. Wliile it may be said that 
an occasional fugitive negro remained in a settle- 
ment of his race, such as Gouldtown near Bridge- 
ton, Topetoy Hill on the edge of Mount Holly, or 



58 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

in Princeton, the number was most limited. There 
is sufficient reason for this statement. The eyes 
of the slave were turned toward New England 
and Canada; New Jersey was too near his old 
home. Unused to the manners, customs, and hab- 
its of the large towns of the North, and only par- 
tially acquainted with methods employed upon 
New Jersey farms, the "corn-field negro"— for it 
was he who most frequently ran away— betrayed 
himself at every step. Plunged from slavery into 
the hope of freedom, his inquisitiveness and his 
general lack of familiarity with his environment 
showed unmistakably that he had but recently 
*' travelled on the railroad." For this reason he 
was hurried forward to comparative safety, and 
not left to linger in a State where spies dotted the 
highways, and where sympathy was not always 
as ready for his cause as it was in the Quaker 
farm houses. 

Such were some of the characteristics of the 
"underground railroad," which aimed to give aid 
and comfort to those of a race who sought free- 
dom through strange gates, until at last the end 
was attained through the ensanguined portal of a 
civil war. 



CHAPTER III 

The Nation in 1860 



OF ALL famous years in the history of 
the republic, that of 1860, with its 
mighty whirl of sentiment, of polit- 
ical and military activity, of hop- 
ing against hope, of seeking for re- 
lief, and of finding shifting sands, was in truth 
the most remarkable. Within twenty years the 
United States had acquired a vast, unknown 
region in the far West, snatched from Mexico. 
Then had followed the controversy circling 
around the one topic: "As Mexico, in 1827, had 
abolished slavery from this territory, shall the 
institution be reestablished?" From this empire 
the States of California, New Mexico, Nevada, 
Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyom- 
ing have been formed. Upon its acquisition the 
''Free-Soil" party demanded that it be kept in- 
violate. The pro-slavery element urged that the 
new land should be ''open to slavery and that 
any slaveholder should be allowed to emigrate 
with his slaves, and not have them set free. ' ' And 
while the great leaders of the day presented their }(^ f^'m^4:^LcS^ 
arguments, based upon the construction of the 
constitution, Marshall, of New Jersey, in the win- 
ter of 1848, found gold in California. Then came 
the " '49ers" to a "free" State. 

A period of most intense excitement followed 
the "gold fever." The "compromise" by Clay, 
the marvelous congressional debate led by Clay, 




James Wilson Marshall, b. Hope Township, Hun- 
terdon County, N. J., 1812 ; wagon builder ; emigratea 
to Missouri ; went to Pacific coast 1844 ; discovered 
gold at Culmua, near Sacramento, Cal., Jan. 24, 184S ; 
i. there, unmarried, Aug. 8, 1855. 



62 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Calhoun, Seward, and Webster, the recommenda- 
tions of the ''Committee of thirteen," and the in- 
troduction of the ''Omnibus Bill," the District of 
Columbia slave law, and the "Fugitive slave 
law," together with the death of President Taylor, 
served still further to complicate the situation. 

In the meantime the sentiment in the South 
and in the North upon the question of slavery 
had assumed positive shape, and the issues pre- 
sented at the opening of the Civil War were clear- 
ly defined. The South contended that Northern 
voters refused to recognize the domestic institu- 
tion of slavery, which pre-existed the formation of 
the Union — their slave property which was guar- 
anteed by the federal constitution. The "per- 
sonal liberty laws" of some of the free States 
constituted a cause for separation, and as a broad 
and then unwarranted assumption the Southern 
people believed the election of President Lincoln 
meant the abolition of slavery. The Southern 
Democrats, as well as Whigs, under the leader- 
ship of Calhoun complained that it was with diffi- 
culty slaves could be recaptured when they had 
made good their escape to free States; that the 
constant agitation of the abolitionists tended to 
cause internal dissension; and demanded that the 
territories should be open to slavery. 

The power of the South lay in the fact that, act- 
ing politically upon the defensive, she was also a 



ONY AND AS A STATE __63 

Tinit in sentiment. Into the vortex of Southern 
enthusiasm, of mistaken though sincere convic- 
tion, were drawn both the apathetic and luke- 
warm. While the North vainly essayed compro- 
mises the South was preparing, unconsciously 
perhaps, for that struggle which she knew was 
inevitable. 

The North held that two or more republics could 
not exist upon federal soil, for if the logical se- 
quence of the doctrine of secession was recog- 
nized States could secede until each common- 
wealth became a republic. The fundamental prin- 
ciple of all democratic forms of government, rule 
by will of the majority, would thus become a mere 
fiction, and the coercive power of society become 
lost. Yet judged by the modern industrial stand- 
ards agreement must be had with a recent mono- 
graphist, who says : 

The South, unquestionably, in the realization of her possibilities 
had been greatly retarded by the plan of slave ownership. While 
the North and Northwest had prospered, the Southern States had 
failed to develop their mines, clear their forests, or multiply their 
lines of transportation. Plantation life had led to static social 
conditions. The census of 1860 showed 4,000,000 negro slaves 
and 8,000,000 free whites between the Rio Grande and the Dela- 
ware. In the North there were but sixty-four slaves, of whom 
eighteen were in New Jersey, the remainder being in Kansas, Ne- 
braska and Utah. Upon the other hand the white population in 
the Northern States amounted to 16,800,000, with 226,000 free 
blacks. 

The North had learned to dignify labor ; the South had relied 
upon those who were held in bondage. 



64 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

And it was thus, says one of the students of the 
period, that the close of the year 1860 found senti- 
ment in New Jersey divided upon questions of 
public policy. He continues : 

The Republican party in the State, embracing every element of 
the older, disorganized political associations, together with some 
disaffected Democrats, leaned toward war. But the party did not 
present an even front. Some oi its Whig adherents had themselves 
been slave owners in New Jersey, while yet practically every other 
Northern State was " free soil." Others who were largely of the 
Society c^. Friends deprecated the resort to arms, and urged com- 
promises or gradual abolition. 

The Democrats embraced many men who were ready to fight and 
did fight, as the rosters of the New Jersey regiments show, but who, 
in 1860, considered that a solution of the problem was yet probable. 
It was believed that Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, " Uncle Tom's 
Cabin," overestimated the true situation for the sake of dramatic 
effect. Some who were inclined to take a philosophical view of 
the situation quoted the opinions found in Claiborne's " Life " of 
General Quitman. Herein it was contended that racial hatred 
having died out in the South, the slave as a permanent fixture, a3 
an hereditary heirloom, and as a human being with an immortal 
soul occupied a relation to his oumer approximating that of guar- 
dian and ward. Public opinion more powerful than war would 
condemn to execration and infamy a cruel master, as interest 
taught the slaveholder it would be wise to cherish what was to be 
the permanent means of production and profit, while religion ex- 
acted the humane and judicious employment of the " talent " 
committed to the care of the South. 

There were in the State a small unorganized minority party 
which openly sympathized with the South. This element was by 
no means confined to the Democrats, who, as a party, charged 
with the responsibility of tne acts and utterances of this minority, 
were roundly abused by the " Opposition " press for alleged 
disloyalty. 



.iS A COL 

.08KI 'i')7Y/Bl.;r.i:y'.l yji^iiol) fluJ#biih*l'^fti-;9| 
-niio fl^iir lit ;tS-S^8l w^BtfeW^"?^.'^ 



: eady to fight and 
its show, but who, 
was yet probable. 

:n's 

of 

A 



i wea would 

.as interest 

at was to bo 

,.hile religion ex- 

■>f the "talent" 

■ -:j 

by 

J party, .;«s«rged 

,,»• n.; . ... ..;ty, 





(From an engraving by J. C. Buttre.'l 



ONY AND AS A STATE 65 

The year 1860 found four national tickets in the 
presidential field. In April the Democrats as- 
sembled in convention in Charleston, South 
Carolina, where immediately a division occurred 
between the Northern and Southern elements of 
the party. The Northern delegates, being in con- 
trol of the convention, at once proposed that ques- 
tions regarding the rights of property arising un- 
der the federal constitution in States or territories 
were judicial, and that the Democratic party 
pledged itself to abide by and carry out the de- 
termination of these questions made or to be made 
by the Supreme Court of the United States. This 
proposition was immediately rejected by the ex- 
tremists of the Southern minority, who declared 
that neither Congress nor territorial legislatures 
had power to abolish slavery in the territories, 
nor to prohibit the introduction of slaves therein, 
and that the federal government must protect 
slavery wherever *4ts constitutional authority ex- 
tends." 

The extreme Southern element withdrew from 
the convention, while the Northern majority and 
a few of the Southern adherents adjourned to 
Baltimore. Here in convention the so-called 
''regulars'* placed in nomination for President 
and Vice-President Stephen A. Douglas and Her- 
schel V. Johnson. But from the Baltimore con- 
vention there had been seceders, both Northern-' 

[Vol. 4] 




STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 



66 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE. 



ers and Southerners, who nominated John C. 
Breckinridge for President and Joseph Lane for 
Vice-President. 

Then came the National Constitutional Union 
' M^ party, composed of ''old line" Whigs, Native 
Americans, and disaffected Democrats. These 
partisans nominated John Bell for President and 
Edward Everett for Vice-President. This party 
declared for the federal constitution, union of the 
States, and enforcement of the laws, and, having 
secured brief recognition, dissolved at the close of 
the campaign, Bell joining the Confederacy and 
Everett becoming a Republican leader in Massa- 
chusetts. 

The Republican party met in Chicago in May 
and placed in nomination Abraham Lincoln for 
President and Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-Presi- 
dent. The party platform insisted upon free soil 
for the territories, declared for the admission of 
Kansas as a free State, repudiated the Dred Scott 
decision, stated that the party had no sympathy 
with any policy that interfered with slavery in 
the States, and concurred in the Democratic de- 
mand that a railroad be built to the Pacific coast. 

With the Democratic party thus rent into three 
factions the result was inevitable. The Republic- 
ans carried their national ticket; and even New 
Jersey, for the first time in twelve years, wavered 
in her Democratic allegiance, giving four electoral 



ONY AND AS A STATE 67 

votes for Lincoln and Hamlin and three for Doug- 
las and Johnson— the only instance where the 
State has ever divided its electoral votes. 

Scarce had Abraham Lincoln secured his elec- 
tion when South Carolina, upon the 20th of De- 
cember, precipitated the crisis by the passage of 
her ''Ordinance of Secession." But a few months 
remained ere Anderson should cut the flagstaff on 
Fort Moultrie, but in those few months, with cries 
of "Compromise" and "Peace," the nation 
plunged headlong into war. Soon were to be 
stifled the sophistries of constitutional construc- 
tion, and the arguments that if the slave-holding 
States desired to perpetuate their policy they were 
at liberty to do so, provided they did not attempt 
the extension of the institution into embryo com- 
monwealths where the settlers desired "free soil." 

In a recent contribution to State history the 
writer says it was in vain that Maryland and Ohio 
accepted an amendment to the federal constitu- 
tion, which provided that Congress should have no 
power to abolish or interfere within any State, 
with the domestic institutions thereof, including 
that of persons held to labor or service by the laws 
of said States. Temporizing had but delayed the 
declaration of hostilities between the North and 
South. Argument, persuasion, threat, and com- 
promise had all been tried and found wanting. 
No futile attempts to adjust, by congressional ac- 



68 



NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 



tion, the differences between the States would 
avail, for beneath all superficialities lay economic 
and ethical considerations, which were by no 
means the outgrowth of environment, but which 
were inherited from those generations who lay 
sleeping in the dust. 





ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

(Sixteenth President of the United States; b. Feb. 12, 

1809 ; (I. April 15, 1865.) 



CHAPTER IV 

The Position op New Jersey in the Civir. 
^Var. 



IT WAS upon the 4th of March, 1861, in his 
inaugural address, that Abraham Lincoln, 
newly-elected President of the United 
States, defined the attitude of the Re- 
publican party, and set forth what may be 
termed 'Hhe consensus of conservative opinion in 
the North." In brief he pledged himself and the 
party he represented not to interfere with the in- 
stitution of slavery in the States where it existed, 
that there would be no violence or bloodshed un- 
less forced upon national authority, and that the 
power of his office would be used to hold, occupy, 
and possess the property and places belonging to 
the federal government. 

In New Jersey many there were who believed 
that, in spite of all the ''war talk," an amicable 
adjustment between the conflicting interests 
would be made, and that if war came it would be 
a ' ' nine days ' wonder. ' ' This belief was shared by 
Democrats and Republicans alike, men who could 
not see that the "inevitable conflict" was so close 
at hand that no human effort could change the 
course of destiny. 

But the war had come, and upon the 12th of 
April, 1861, General Beauregard opened his bat- 
teries upon Fort Sumter, one of those federal 
"places" to which President Lincoln had alluded. 
Instantly, in spite of differences of opinion, Demo- 
crats and Republicans prepared for the conflict. 



72 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

To the presidential call of April 15, 1861, wliich 
gave New Jersey's quota as three thousand one 
hundred and twenty-three men out of nearly one 
hundred thousand liable for military duty, ten 
thousand signified their willingness to take up 
arms in defense of the national government. Near- 
ly a half million dollars, beside munificent private 
contributions, were offered to New Jersey by the 
banks of the State. In fifteen days the four New 
Jersey regiments were ready for duty on the field 
of battle. 

The somewhat intimate relations of a social and 
financial character existing between the southern 
part of the State and the eastern shore of Mary- 
land, as well as Delaware, led to the belief among 
State authorities that a ''Southern feeling" might 
exist in the New Jersey counties bordering upon 
the lower Delaware River and Bay. But certain 
it was that Delaware Bay was open to attack, 
and that Philadelphia, with its stores of wealth, 
was greatly exposed to invasion by sea. A small 
but powerful naval force, owing to the inefficiency 
of the navy of the United States, could have easily 
put the city under tribute, a course which the Con- 
federacy would have adopted had it been able 
so to do. As an essential means of protection for 
South Jersey and to aid Philadelphia Governor 
Olden directed the telegraph line to Cape May to 
be put in working order, prepared for the organiza- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 73 

tion of a maritime guard along the coast, and 
urged the patrol of the shore by armed vessels. To 
keep the Delaware River open, and establish com- 
munication with Philadelphia, Fort Delaware, 
near Salem, was regarrisoned and rehabilitated. 

In 1861 the Republicans had secured the elec- 
tion of a Senate. A governor representing the 
principles of that party had been elected in 1859. 
The House of Assembly was Democratic. But in 
spite of political differences the executive and the 
Legislature were in accord. A special session of 
the two houses was called upon the 30th of April. 
Acts were passed authorizing the cities of New- 
ark, Trenton, Jersey City, Rahway, Camden, and 
Bordentown to issue bonds, the proceeds of the 
sales thereof to be devoted to the support of fam- 
ilies of volunteers. A State loan of two million 
dollars was created, provision was made for new 
regiments, for river and coast defenses, and for the 
purchase of arms and military stores. Under this 
act for supporting families of volunteers there 
were expended during the war two million three 
hundred thousand dollars. 

In the gubernatorial election of the autumn of 
1862 the political control of the State passed into 
the hands of the Democratic party, where it re- 
mained until the close of the Civil War. With 
the elevation of Joel Parker to the executive chair 
the Democratic party became responsible for the 



74 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

position the State occupied before the nation, as 
it had been in the winter of 1862, when the two 
houses had been Democratic in joint ballot by a 
majority of three. 

The election of a Democratic governor, the 
place held by a Republican predecessor, was due 
largely to his great personal popularity, and was 
not, as stated by some writers, due to any waver- 
ing in loyalty to the Northern cause on the part of 
New Jersey. In policy Governor Parker followed 
close upon the lines laid down by Governor Olden. 
Both may be said to have been opposed to sudden 
emancipation of the slaves, but both looked with 
disfavor upon arbitrary arrests, both were re- 
garded by President Lincoln as stanch supporters 
of the national administration. True Governor 
Parker, in some respects, had differed from the 
presidential policy, and continued to differ, per- 
sonally and officially, until the close of the war. 
But Governor Parker buried all personal consid- 
erations and held close to the doing of his duty. 
His administration is replete with acts indicating 
his loyalty to the Union, among them being the 
many bounty laws, an act increasing the war loan 
by one million dollars, and a statute providing for 
a commission to report as to legislative provision 
for wounded and disabled Jerseymen received his 
signature. He was also deeply interested in the 
work of the "United States Sanitary Commission 



ONY AND AS A STATE 75 

for New Jersey, ' ' and gave, by day and night, au- 
diences to the municipal and ecclesiastical com- 
mittees which called upon him. In the movements 
upon Philadelphia in 1863 and upon Washington 
in 1864 Governor Parker personally directed the 
transportation of the New Jersey troops, and fre- 
quently visited Washington upon missions of the 
highest political importance as well as of mercy. 

In 1863, during the month of March, there was 
introduced in the New Jersey Legislature a reso- 
lution which reflected the opinion of many citi- 
zens of the State, who were by no means sympa- 
thizers with the South, and yet who wished to see 
the return of peace. This resolution, which was 
adopted, urged Congress to appoint commission- 
ers to meet commissioners of the Confederacy 
**for the purpose of considering whether any, and 
if any, what plan may be adopted, consistent with 
the dignity and honor of the national government, 
by which the Civil War may be brought to a 
close. ' ' 

This attitude of the State was due largely to the 
stand taken by President Lincoln after the battle 
of Antietam, which occurred upon September 17, 
1862. The President, in accordance with his vow 
taken before the defeat of Lee, issued the prelimi- 
nary ''emancipation proclamation" of September 
22, 1862. Its terms provided that if the Confed- 
erate States did not return to their allegiance be- 



76 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




fore the 1st of January, 1863, all slaves within 
the Confederate lines should be forever free. The 
second proclamation of emancipation followed 
January 1, 1863. It was held by men of influence 
in New Jersey that the war was undertaken to 
restrain the extension of slavery, not for its abo- 
lition, and that, should the South be content to 
confine the ** peculiar institution'* within certain 
bounds, it would be well for the struggle to cease. 
The presidential election of 1864 brought for- 
ward the name of General George B. McClellan as 
Democratic candidate for the suffrages of the peo- 
ple. In New Jersey, as in other States, the policy 
of President Lincoln had won him both praise and 
blame. The administration Republicans had at- 
tracted to the Republican party some of the "war 
Democrats.*' These, meeting on common ground, 
united upon Lincoln and Andrew Johnson as 
presidential and vice-presidential candidates. But 
the extreme wing of the Republican party, which 
accused President Lincoln of lack of severity to- 
ward the seceding States, and whose platform 
embraced congressional reconstruction of the Con- 
federate States, confiscation of land belonging to 
those who had supported the Southern cause, and 
the absolute destruction of the principle of slav- 
ery, opposed the nomination, and named as their 
candidates John C. Fremont for President and 



George Brlnton McClellan, b. Philadelphia, Dec. 3, 
1826 ; grad. University of Pennsylvania 1842 and West 
Point 1846; served in Mexican War; resigned from 
the army 1857; served in the Civil War 1861-64; 
general-in-chief 1861 ; settled in New Jersey 1868 ; 
elected governor 1877 ; d. Oct 29, 1886. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 77 

General John Cochrane for Vice-President. These 
candidates later withdrew. 

A portion of the Democrats, urging that the war 
had been a failure, and desirous of peace, carried 
influence in the counsels of their party. 

With a popular majority among the States bal- 
loting for him of nearly half a million votes Lin- 
coln was inaugurated in 1865, only to fall by the 
hand of an assassin. By reason of his policy of 
amnesty, and the fairness of those methods with 
which he hoped to ** reconstruct" the South, the 
peace sentiment in New Jersey, in fact through- 
out the entire North, was rapidly gaining ground. 
Everywhere the question was asked: ''The South 
is practically crushed; why continue the strug- 
gle!"— a question which brought its own answer 
in the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court 
House and of Johnson near Ealeigh. Jefferson 
Davis, President of the Confederacy, was soon cap- 
tured at Irwinsville, Georgia, and in a few short 
days the Confederacy itself, in form and substance 
at least, became the ' * Lost Cause. * * 

During this wonderful struggle, while New 
Jersey had been free from engagements upon her 
soil, she had none the less given of her treasure 
and of the lives of her men to sustain the cause 
of the Union. For four long years her industrial 
activity had halted, her energies bent upon meas- 
ures of war. To the citizens of the State, those 



78 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

who had remained at home or had returned from 
the "front," peace was most welcome. To the 
few who were still inclined to sympathize with the 
South the collapse of the war was proof of the 
utter futility of arguments designed to further se- 
cession policy. To the mass of the people the re- 
turn of peace meant the return of prosperity. It 
was the beginning of a new era characterized **as 
a time when those vast and indefinable forces 
which make for intellectual activity and material 
prosperity, and which mark the termination of 
great wars, were gathering. Everywhere there 
were indications of growth, in the chartering of 
railroads and manufacturing corporations, in the 
extension of the powers of municipalities, in the 
dissemination of new ideas and theories concern- 
ing economic relations, and in the zeal with which 
men applied themselves to the rehabilitation of 
affairs so long neglected. ' ' 



CHAPTER V 
New Jersey Tboops in the Civil Wab 



I,T WAS upon the 15th day of April, 1861, 
that the proclamation of the President of 
the United States was published calling 
for seventy-five thousand of the militia of 
the several States. In obedience to the 
proclamation Governor Charles S. Olden instantly 
issued a proclamation and order to detach one 
regiment from each of the then existing four mili- 
tary divisions of New Jersey. The first company, 
known as the Olden Guard of Trenton, reported 
April 23, 1861, and in seven days the four regi- 
ments were completed. These regiments, being 
organized into a brigade, were mustered into the 
United States service at Trenton, May 1, 1861. 
New Jersey possesses the distinction of sending 
the first fully organized brigade arriving for the 
defense of the City of Washington. Of this bri- 
gade Theodore Runyon was brigadier-general, the 
first regiment being commanded by Adolphus J. 
Johnson, the second regiment by Henry M. Baker, 
the third regiment by William Napton, and the 
fourth regiment by Matthew Miller, Jr. Having 
been held in reserve during the first battle of Bull 
Run, these ''three months' men" were discharged 
from the United States service at Newark and 
Trenton, July 31, 1861. 

In response to the second presidential call for 
troops, issued upon the 3d of May, 1861, a requi- 
sition was made upon New Jersey for three regi- 

[Vol. 4] 



-ir;' 



) Runyon, LL.D., 6. S N'. J., Oct. 

.ad. Yale College 184r (6; pre."!- 
dentlftl elector 1860 ; mayor of en- 
listed In the ClTll War 1861; ch Jer- 
sey 1871-87; ambassador to Germany 1S'.k; iii; ; /i. Jan. 
27, 1896. 



82 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

ments of volunteer infantry to serve for three 
years, or during the war. Anticipating the call, 
Governor Olden informed the secretary of war 
upon the 18th of May that the three regiments 
were ready for muster. The organizations were 
designated as the First, Second, and Third Regi- 
ments, while in pursuance of an act of Congress, 
approved July 22, 1861, the Fourth Regiment and 
Battery A were organized and assigned to duty 
with the three regiments already raised and in 
the field. These five regiments were generally 
known as the First Brigade New Jersey Volun- 
teers. 

These regiments continued in service through- 
out the war, participating in many prominent en- 
gagements in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsyl- 
vania. The colonels of the regiments were : First, 
William R. Montgomery, Alfred T. A. Torbert; 
Second, George W. McLain, Isaac M. Tucker, 
Samuel L. Buck, William H. Penrose; Third, 
George W. Taylor, Henry W. Brown; Fourth, 
James H. Simpson, William B. Hatch, William 
Birney, and Edward C. Campbell. 

The Second Brigade of New Jersey Volunteers 
was composed of the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and 
Eighth Regiments of Infantry and Battery B. 
These regiments were raised under the third 
call for troops, July 24, 1861, and, as in the case 
of the regiments of the First Brigade, saw active 



AI;> A. CO I. 



■i^#8i5e<i*]^l<?^8^C8i iiierijidfaO •^o«f^^try^I^|^wa»• 
.•nti? ahead} j.iiSv^d and in 
7'osrTments were generally 
New Jersey Volmi- 

through- 









. iiiiru, 






'■ -i : 


; Fourth, 






wh, 


VVilliara 




New Jersey Volunteers 




tJi, Sixth, 


' ' -, 


;i, and 




fantry '>■ 




y B. 




aised 




third 


^ 


, 1861, and, < 




^^ case 


e 


First Brigai 




active 



i 




(From a steel plate engraved by Emily Sartain.) 



ONY AND AS A STATE 83 

service in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. 
The colonels of these regiments were: Fifth, 
Samuel H. Starr, William J. Sewell ; Sixth, James 
T. Hatfield, Gershom Mott, George C. Burling; 
Seventh, Joseph W. Revere, Louis R. Francine, 
Francis Price, Jr. ; Eighth, Adolphus J. Johnson, 
John Ramsey. 

The Ninth Regiment was organized under an 
act of Congress approved July 22, 1861, leaving 
the State December 4, 1861. The regiment was in 
active fighting in Virginia and North Carolina. 
The colonels of the regiment were Joseph W. Al- 
len, Charles A. Heckman, Abram Zabriskie, and 
James Stewart, Jr. 

The Tenth Regiment, organized independently 
of State authority and known as the ''Olden Le- 
gion, ' ' had been formed under the act of Congress 
approved July 22, 1861. On January 29, 1862, the 
regiment was transferred to the authorities of the 
State of New Jersey. Its service was entirely in 
the State of Virginia. Its colonels were William 
Bryan, William R. Murphy, and Henry 0. Ryer- 
son. 

Upon July 7, 1862, President Lincoln issued a 
call for three hundred thousand additional volun- 
teers to serve for three years or until the close 
of the war. Of this call New Jersey's quota was 
five regiments. For some time a regiment had 
been recruiting in the State, and this, the Elev- 



84 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



enth, was sent upon August 25 to Washington. 
The colonel was Robert McAllister, the State of 
Virginia being the scene of its active service. The 
other four regiments furnished under the presiden- 
tial call, and known as the Twelfth, Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth, and Fifteenth, were recruited rapidly 
from the organized, equipped, and drilled militia 
of the State. The Twelfth participated in the 
prominent battles in the State of Virginia, the 
colonels of the regiment being Robert C. Johnson, 
J. Howard WUletts, and John Willian. 

The Thirteenth served in Maryland, Pennsyl- 
vania, Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina, its 
colonel being Ezra A. Carman. The Fourteenth 
and Fifteenth Regiments participated in battles 
upon the soil of Virginia. William S. Truex was 
colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment, while the 
colonels of the Fifteenth Regiment were Samuel 
Fowler, Alexander C. M. Pennington, Jr., and 
AVilliam H. Penrose. 

The Sixteenth Regiment, the First Regiment of 
Cavalry, was organized under the provisions of 
an act of Congress approved July 22, 1861, and 
was not under the control of the State authorities. 
Designated as Halsted's Cavalry, the regiment 
reached Washington about September 1, 1861, and 
served in Virginia with great distinction until the 
close of the war. The colonels of the regiment 
were William Halsted, Percy Wyndham, John W. 



^- _-.. vV, 







ERICSSON'S •' MONITOR. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 85 



Kester, Hugh H. Janeway, and Myron H. Beau- 
mont. 

The Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and 
Twentieth Regiments were organized from the 
First, Second, Third, and Fourth Eegiments upon 
the completion of the three months for which they 
had enlisted in 1861. 

The State of New Jersey, by its patriotic enrol- 
ment of volunteers, escaped the necessity of a 
draft of three hundred thousand men, to serve for 
nine months, ordered by the President upon Au- 
gust 4, 1862. The quota of the State under that 
draft was ten thousand four hundred and seventy- 
eight men, which was filled by the organization of 
the Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third, 
Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, Twen- 
ty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thir- 
tieth, and Thirty-first Regiments. The service of 
these regiments was almost wholly in the State of 
Virginia. The colonel of the Twenty-first Regi- 
ment was Gilliam Van Houten; of the Twenty- 
second, Abraham Demarest, Cornelius Fornet; of 
the Twenty-third, John S. Cox, Henry 0. Ryerson, 
Edward Burd Grubb; of the Twenty-fourth, 
William B. Robertson; of the Twenty-fifth, An- 
drew Derrora; of the Twenty-sixth, Andrew J. 
Morrison; of the Twenty-seventh, George W. Min- 
dil; of the Twenty-eighth, Moses N. Wisewell; of 
the Twenty-ninth, Edwin F. Applegate, William 



86 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

R. Taylor ; of the Thirtieth, Alexander E. Donald- 
son, John J. Cladek ; of the Thirty-first, Alexander 
P. Berthoud. 

The Thirty-second Regiment, known as the Sec- 
ond Regiment of Cavalry, was organized under 
authority and instructions from the federal war 
department dated June 30, 1863. The regiment 
took part in engagements in Virginia, Mississippi, 
Tennessee, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Ala- 
bama. Its colonel was Joseph Karg^. 

Under authority of the war department dated 
June 30, 1863, the Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and 
Thirty-fifth Regiments were organized. The Thir- 
ty-third served in Tennessee, Georgia, and North 
Carolina, its colonel being George W. Mendil. 
The Thirty-fourth was in battles in Kentucky, 
Tennessee, and Alabama, its colonels being Will- 
iam H. Lawrence and Timothy C. Moore. The 
Thirty-fifth took part in engagements in Missis- 
sippi, Georgia, and South Carolina. The colonel 
of the regiment was John J. Cladek. 

The Thirty-sixth Regiment, Third Regiment 
Cavalry Volunteers, also known as the First 
Regiment United States Hussars, was organized 
under a proclamation of the President of the 
United States dated October 17, 1863. The service 
of this cavalry regiment was entirely in the State 
of Virginia. Its colonels were Andrew J. Morri- 
son and Alexander 0. M. Pennington, Jr. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 87 

The Thirty-seventh Kegiment came into exist- 
ence under a presidential call for troops to serve 
one hundred days. The details of the call were 
fully set forth by the proclamation of the governor 
of New Jersey, under date of May 16, 1864. The 
colonel of the regiment was Edward Burd Grubb. 

Under an act of Congress approved July 4, 1864, 
the Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Regiments 
were organized. The service of both regiments 
was confined to Virginia. The colonel of the Thir- 
ty-eighth was William J. Sewell; the colonel of 
the Thirty-ninth was Abram C. Wildrick. 

The Fortieth Regiment was organized under the 
last mentioned act, the regiment taking part in 
the Virginia campaign of 1865, its colonel being 
Stephen R. Gilkyson. 

The Forty-first Regiment was commenced, but 
owing to the termination of hostilities was discon- 
tinued and consolidated with the Thirty-ninth 
Regiment. 

Of the batteries of artillery that of the First 
Regiment, known as Battery A, was a part of the 
militia force of the State, and was attached to the 
Third Regiment, Hudson Brigade. Although the 
tender was made the governor of New Jersey he 
was unable to accept the services of this battery 
until permitted to do so by the provisions of an act 
of Congress approved July 22, 1861. The battery 
served in Pennsylvania and Virginia, its captains 



88 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



being William Hexamer and Augustine N. Par- 
sons. 

In September, 1861, Battery B, First Regiment, 
formerly known as Company F, First Regiment, 
Independent Essex Brigade, tendered its services 
to the State. Its participation in battles was con- 
fined to Virginia. The captains of Battery B were 
John E. Beam and A. Judson Clark. 

Batteries C, D, and E, First Regiment, were or- 
ganized under instructions from the federal war 
department dated June 30, 1863, serving in Vir- 
ginia. The captain of Battery C was Christian 
Woemer, of Battery D, George T. Woodbury and 
Charles K. Doane, and of Battery E, Zenas C. 
Warren. 

A notable military organization in New Jersey 
was Trenton's Company A, of the State militia. 
Thoroughly drilled and disciplined, on the 16th of 
April, 1861, a meeting of the company was called 
for the purpose of responding to President Lin- 
coln's call for seventy-five thousand militia. Be- 
fore action could be taken Company A was 
sent to the southern part of the city of 
Trenton to guard a large amount of mili- 
tary stores there collected in the State ar- 
senal. This was the first company in the 
North to perform military duty under arms. The 
company later volunteered as Company A, First 
Battalion, Pennsylvania Emergency. The boast 



ONY AND AS A STATE 89 

of the company remained unchallenged that it 
sent more men to the war than any other organi- 
zation in the North, while serving as a school for 
officers. The captain of the company was Will- 
iam R. Murphy. Following the appeal made by 
Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, upon the 15th 
of June, 1863, that neighboring States come to 
the relief of Pennsylvania and ward off the in- 
vasion contemplated by the confederate general, 
Robert E. Lee, upon the 17th of June, Governor 
Parker called for volunteers, particularly from 
among the nine months' regiments. The Twenty- 
third and Twenty-seventh volunteered for the 
service, as did four companies from Trenton, two 
from Newark, and one each from Lambertville, 
Morristown, Mount Holly, and Camden, and a 
light battery from Rahway. These ten companies 
were organized into two battalions, one of which 
was commanded by Captain William R. Murphy, 
of Trenton, the other by Captain J. Fred Laumas- 
ter, of Mount Holly. At the end of thirty days* 
service at and near Harrisburg the companies re- 
turned to New Jersey and were discharged. 

The Maryland Emergency Company, mustered 
into service for thirty days upon July 12, 1864, 
was called out for service in Pennsylvania, Mary- 
land, or the District of Columbia. The company, 
under the captaincy of Richard H. Lee, was sta- 
tioned near Baltimore. 




^ 



FARRAQUT'S FLAGSHIP " HARTFORD.' 



90 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

From time to time New Jersey men enlisted in 
the regiments of other States. Thus there were 
soldiers from this State in the regiments of Con- 
necticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois 
(cavalry), Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New 
York, Pennsylvania (artillery, infantry, and caval- 
ry), and Wisconsin (heavy artillery). 

New Jersey men also found representation in 
the Veteran Reserve Corps, instituted April 28, 
1863, and in Hancock's corps, established Novem- 
ber 28, 1864. There were no regiments of colored 
troops in New Jersey, such as enlisted being sent 
to the general rendezvous in Philadelphia. 

In facilitating the mustering of troops rendez- 
vous were established in August, 1862, at Tren- 
ton, Beverly, Freehold, Newark, and Flemington, 
while post commandants and disbursing officers 
were located in 1862 at Camp Perrine, Trenton; 
Camp Stockton, Woodbury; Camp Vredenburgh, 
Freehold; Camp Fair Oaks, Flemington; and 
Camp Frelinghuysen, Newark. In 1863 an agent 
of the State of New Jersey was sent to Washing- 
ton to care for the troops going to the front as 
well as those in the hospitals in the vicinity of 
the capital. In this connection it may be said that 
during the Civil War hospitals were established 
in Jersey City, in Newark ''Ward" or ''Center 
Street" in Beverly, and at Trenton Barracks, 



ONY AND AS A STATE 91 

while there are two national cemeteries in the 
State— one in Beverly, the other in Newark. 

In the call for troops whose service ranged from 
four years to one hundred days, New Jersey fur- 
nished 79,348, with 8,957 additional men not cred- 
ited to her. The total call was 78,248, whereas the 
total number furnished was 88,305, being 10,057 
in excess of the number required. The State paid 
no bounties, but county, township, and municipal 
authorities offered bounties amounting, it is be- 
lieved, to twenty-three million dollars. 



CHAPTER VI 

New Jersey and the Post-Bellum Amend- 
ments TO THE Federal Constitution 



^ LTHOUGH by an appeal to arms and the 
A^L defeat of the Confederacy slavery 

A— -m had been extinguished within the 
J^ _^^ limits of the United States, no guar- 
antee existed in the federal consti- 
tution that at some future time the ''peculiar 
institution " might not be reestablished within the 
limits of the nation. To provide against such a 
possibility the thirteenth amendment to the orr 
ganic law of the United States was sent to the 
several States for their ratification. 

During the legislative session of 1866 the 
amendment appeared before the House of Assem- 
bly and Senate, both of which were Democratic, 
in the form of Assembly Joint Eesolution No. 2, 
which was adopted by the house January 17th, 
the vote being forty-two to ten. Like action was 
taken by the Senate January 23d, the vote stand- 
ing thirteen to eight. The resolution was ap- 
proved by the Governor January 23d. 

When news of the approval reached the house 
that body, upon the same day, by a vote of thirty- 
three to fourteen, adopted a further resolution as 
expressive of its sentiments. This resolution 
stated that ''New Jersey is gloriously redeemed 
in her political and moral history from the dis- 
graceful stigma of being in sympathy, through 
her legislators, with the 'sum of all villainies,' " 
and that the course of New Jersey "will be hailed 



96 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

with sincere joy and shouts of praise by all the 
freedom-loving people of New Jersey, as well as 
by the people of her sister States." 

The attitude of the State of New Jersey toward 
slavery as a national issue is of interest. So far 
had the then prevalent theories of colonization 
affected New Jersey that the Legislature, by a reso- 
lution of December 3, 1824, considered a system 
of foreign colonization feasible in effecting entire 
emancipation. This plan, it was claimed, made 
convenient provision for free blacks, and cast upon 
the United States the duties and burdens incident 
to the evil of slavery. But colonization had been a 
failure. As an instance the project of inducing 
free negroes to emigrate to Hayti, in the year 1824, 
drew a number of New Jersey negroes to that 
island. This party of blacks, going from Port 
Elizabeth in the County of Cumberland, returned 
disgusted in a short time to their former homes, 
and to the employment of those in the village who 
had aided them in their efforts to locate in a new 
land. 

Following the passage of the act of 1846, abol- 
ishing slavery by name in New Jersey, the Legis- 
lature of the State in 1847 resolved "that the New 
Jersey delegation in Congress be requested to use 
its best efforts to secure the exclusion forever of 
slavery or involuntary servitude from any terri- 
tory to be annexed to the United States, except as 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



97 



a punishment for crime. " In 1849 the subject mat- 
ter of the resolutions was repeated, and the speedy 
abolition of the slave trade in the District of Co- 
lumbia was urged. 

As late as the practical beginning of hostilities 
there assembled in Washington, in February, 
1861, in response to the call of Virginia, which 
was trying the part of peacemaker, one hundred 
and thirty-three delegates of twenty-one States, 
who met for the purpose of proposing a remedy 
for the ' ' unhappy controversies ' ' which threat- 
ened to disrupt the nation. This was the Peace 
Conference, composed of men of national reputa- 
tion. New Jersey sent as her representatives at 
this congress on the 29th of January, 1861, by 
virtue of a joint resolution of the House of Assem- 
bly and Senate, Governor Charles S. Olden, Peter 
D. Vroom, Eobert F. Stockton, Benjamin Wi\l-c^r7. x^.c^,^yc^^^i. 




iamson, Joseph F, Randolph, Frederick T. Freling- 
huysen, Rodman M. Price, William C. Alexander, 
and Thomas J. Stryker. 

The New Jersey resolutions accompanying the 
appointment of these representatives were no- 
table. The preamble recognized that the people of 
the State ''consider the unity of the government 
* * * a main pillar in the edifice of their in- 
dependence," declaring that the govermnent of 
the United States is a national government, that 
the Union is not a "mere compact or league," and 

[Vol. 4] 



98 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

that the constitution ''was adopted in a spirit of 
mutual compromise and concession by the people 
of the United States, and can only be preserved 
by a constant recognition of that spirit." While 
the right of the general government to maintain 
its authority and enforce its laws in all parts of 
the country was undoubted the resolutions held 
that ''forbearance and compromise are indispen- 
sable at this crisis to the perpetuity of the Union, 
and that it is the dictate of reason, wisdom, and 
patriotism peacefully to adjust whatever differ- 
ences exist between the different sections of our 
country.*' It was further held that the Critten- 
den resolutions, or any other constitutional meth- 
od that, by compromise, "will permanently set- 
tle the question of slavery," would be acceptable 
to the people of New Jersey. 

"As a last resort," continued the resolutions, 
Congress was urged to call a convention of the 
States to propose amendments to the federal con- 
stitution, and States having in force laws which 
interfered with the constitutional rights of citizens 
of other States were urged to repeal such legisla- 
tion. 

The governor, upon the 30th day of August, 
1866, called the Legislature of New Jersey in spe- 
cial session to meet in Trenton upon the 10th of 
September, to accept or reject the fourteenth 
amendment to the federal constitution. This 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



99 



amendment dealt with citizens and their rights, 
the apportionment of representatives, the disabil- 
ity of persons engaged in the Civil War, and the 
validity of the public debt. These matters, sec- 
ond only in importance to the question of slavery, 
gave to New Jersey a marked prominence in the 
political history of the day. Although according 
to the view of the Republican governor, Marcus 
L. Ward, the fourteenth amendment was the 
''most lenient amnesty ever offered to treason," 
it was quite evident that to many members of the 
two houses the amendment was highly unsatisfac- 
tory. 

In the Senate there were ten Democrats who 
refused to vote. Eleven Republican senators cast 
their votes in the affirmative, thus insuring the 
affirmative action of the upper house upon the 11th 
of September. In the House of Assembly upon 
the same day the vote was thirty-four ayes to 
twenty-four noes. With the approval of the gov- 
ernor from this hour the fourteenth amendment 
became to the State of New Jersey a cause for 
political strife. 

The session of the Legislature of 1868 was made 
memorable by the withdrawal of the consent on 
the part of New Jersey of her ratification of the 
much discussed amendment. Upon the 20th of 
February, 1868, the house passed a joint resolution 
rescinding New Jersey's previous action by a vote 



^ 



IW 



lAt 



cui c '- 



ly 



< 



Marcus Lawrence Ward, l>. Newark, N. J., Not. 9, 
1812 ; mercbant ; known In the CItU War as the 
" Roldlerf' friend " ; founder of the " Ward " U. S. 
general hospital, which became the New Jersfy 
Home for Disabled Soldiers ; governor of the Stat* 
1864-69 ; chairman National Republican Conunlttse 
1866 ; member of Congress 1873-7S ; d. Newark, April 
26, 1884. 



100 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

of forty-four to eleven, tlie Senate having taken 
a like action on the 19th of the same month by a 
vote of eleven to eight. In adopting such a course 
the Legislature of New Jersey, in a series of reso- 
lutions of national interest, declared that the basis 
of all government is the consent of the governed, 
and that all constitutions are contracts between 
the parties bound thereby. It was further held 
that any State assenting to a proposition to alter 
the fundamental law might withdraw before such 
number of States as might be necessary to bind the 
amendment had consented, which withdrawal be- 
comes a duty, when, after consideration, it seems 
best for the safety and happiness of all that such 
action be taken. Three-fourths of the States not 
having yet consented, the ''natural and constitu- 
tional right" of New Jersey *'to withdraw its as- 
sent was undeniable. ' ' 

In further discussion of this subject the New 
Jersey Legislature asserted that the authors of the 
fourteenth amendment excluded from the House 
of Representatives and Senate eighty representa- 
tives of eleven States in the Union ''upon the pre- 
tence that there were no such States in the Union. ' * 
This was to attain the end of securing the two- 
thirds of both houses of Congress necessary to pro- 
pose an amendment. Furthermore, finding that 
the remaining two-thirds could not be brought to 
assent to the amendment, the "authors" of the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 101 

amendment ''deliberately formed and carried out 
the design of mutilating the integrity of the 
United States Senate, and without any pretext or 
justification other than the possession of the pow- 
gj, * * * ejected a member of their own body 
representing this State, and thus practically de- 
nied to New Jersey its equal suffrage in the Sen- 
ate, and thereby nominally secured the vote of 
two-thirds of the said houses. ' ' 

"The object of dismembering the highest rep- 
resentative assembly in the nation and humiliat- 
ing a State in the Union faithful at all times to 
its obligations" was ''to place new and unheard 
of powers in the hands of a faction, that it might 
absorb to itself all executive, judicial, and legis- 
lative power necessary to secure for itself im- 
munity for the unconstitutional acts it had al- 
ready committed, and those it had inflicted on a 
too patient people. ' ' 

Denouncing the exercise of military law in the 
Southern States, and the errors of the plan of 
"Reconstruction, "the New Jersey Legislature con- 
demned the fourteenth amendment for a variety 
of other reasons, none of which, however, has been 
successfully maintained in the highest tribunals 
of the nation. The absurd and incoherent pro- 
visions are as follows: 

It absurdly declares naturalized citizens of the 



102 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

United States shall be citizens of the several 
States. 

It lodges with the Legislature the executive 
power of pardon. 

It adopts the principle of ex-post facto legisla- 
tion. 

It gives to the people in their sovereign capac- 
ity the judicial power of punishment. 

It degrades the honesty and morality of the 
nation. 

It alarms public creditors by placing ''consti- 
tutional guards against the repudiation of the 
public debt"— a libel on the American people and 
a stigma upon the present generation. 

It prohibits the States from passing laws inter- 
dicting the execution of such parts of the com- 
mon law as the national judiciary shall deem in- 
consistent with the vague provisions of the amend- 
ment. 

It brings State and common law, relating to 
life, liberty, and property, within the jurisdiction 
of federal tribunals. 

It ''gerrymanders" representation to secure to 
a faction "a sufficient number of the votes of a 
servile and ignorant race to outweigh the intelli- 
gent votes" of whites. 

It sets up a standard of suffrage dependent en- 
tirely upon citizenship, majority, inhabitancy, and 
manhood, and any "interference whatever by the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 103 

State" imposing ''reasonable qualifications 
* * * causes a reduction of the State's repre- 
sentation. ' ' 

The claim of the supporters of the amendment 
that Congress could compel New Jersey to adopt 
"impartial suffrage" would transfer to the fed- 
eral Legislature the right of a State to regulate 
suffrage within its own limits, a power fundamen- 
tally reserved to the States, a vital principle of 
self-government. 

The New Jersey Legislature finally declared 
that the amendment was designed to overthrow 
self-government by conferring the elective fran- 
chise "upon a race which has never given the 
slightest evidence at any time or in any quarter 
of the globe of its capacity for self-government." 
The erecting of "an impracticable standard of 
suffrage, which will render the right valueless to 
any portion of the people," made the amendment 
"unfit to be incorporated in the fundamental law 
of a free people." 

This resolution, passed upon March 27, 1868, 
was presented to the House of Eepresentatives on 
the 30th of the same month. By a vote in the na- 
tional Legislature of eighty to seventeen, there 
being ninety-two members not voting, the House 
of Eepresentatives ordered that the New Jersey 
resolutions should be returned to the State, that 
only their title should be referred to in official 



104 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

publications, and that the house denied the con- 
stitutional right of any State Legislature to 
withdraw its assent to the amendment. New Jer- 
sey, with Ohio, which State had also withdrawn 
its assent, were included in the joint resolution of 
Congress in the list of ratifying States, and their 
acts withdrawing their assent were treated as 
null and void. This attitude of Congress has never 
been successfully questioned in the Supreme 
Court. 

The State election of 1867 had been one of in- 
tense political struggle. The Republican party 
had pledged itself to remove the word "white" 
from Article II, Section I, of the State constitu- 
tion of 1844, throwing down any racial barriers 
to suffrage. The Democratic party in New Jersey 
was politically opposed to the extension of negro 
suffrage, and in consequence the Democrats ob- 
tained control of the Legislature. The contention 
that each State had the exclusive right to regulate 
the qualifications of its own voters, and the un- 
seating of United States Senator John P. Stock- 
ton, whose seat was declared vacant by the Senate 
March 27, 1866, by a vote of twenty-three to twen- 
ty, were the two elements that led New Jersey to 
pass her famous resolutions of withdrawal of as- 
sent. Mr. Stockton had been ousted upon the 
grounds that he had been elected by less than a 
majority of all the votes in the New Jersey Legis- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 105 

lature. It was in consequence of the questions 
raised on this contest that the present federal 
statute was enacted regulating the manner of 
electing United States senators. 

The fifteenth amendment to the constitution of 
the United States had been rejected by New Jer- 
sey in 1870, in the House of Assembly on the 1st 
of February, by a vote of thirty-three to twenty- 
seven. Like action was taken by the Senate on 
the 27th of February by a vote of thirteen to eight. 
The joint resolution of rejection was approved on 
February 15th. 

This amendment to the constitution, which de- 
clared that the right of the citizens of the United 
States to vote should not be abridged ' ' on account 
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, ' ' 
later received the assent of a Republican House 
of Assembly and Senate, being approved by 
a Democratic governor. The amendment ap- 
peared in the form of Joint Resolution No. 2, 
which was passed by the House of Assembly by 
a vote of thirty-four to twenty-four upon February 
8, 1871. The Senate passed the joint resolution 
by a vote of twelve to seven on February 15, and 
it was approved by the governor upon February 
21, 1871, so rapidly had events moved since 1867. 



I 



CHAPTER VII 
The Panic of 1873 




ROM the close of the Civil War until 
the fateful ''Black Friday" of 1873 
New Jersey was the theater of an in- 
tense industrial activity. Within 
those few short years the State was 
almost revolutionized. Everywhere the signs of 
that intensity of thought and action characteris- 
tic of the close of a war were apparent. It was the 
beginning of the period of consolidation, when 
capital more than ever wielded an all-potent in- 
fluence; when the great captains of industry 
forged to the front, and struggled for political con- 
trol ; when cities grew ; when population from New 
York and Philadelphia overflowed the constricted 
boundaries of those great cities and built their 
homes in the counties bordering the Hudson and 
the lower Delaware; when men strove passion- 
ately, not for the ideals of the period of unrest of 
the days of Jackson, but for the more material 
ideals that come with the sudden acquisition of 
personal wealth. 

It was the commencement of that phase of in- 
dustrial life that marked the close of the nine- 
teenth century. These were the vast consolida- 
tions of capital, the concentration of utilities, the 
formation of the ' * trusts. ' ' That plan of organiza- 
tion which made the later ** trust" a possibility 
was shaping throughout the State. New Jersey, 
from 1866 to 1873, became the home of corpora- 



110 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

tions, not of a few great industrial organizations, 
but of a host of smaller ones. These, taking ad- 
vantage of the special legislation then character- 
izing the method of incorporating companies in 
New Jersey, forced hundreds of charters through 
the House of Assembly and Senate, stimulated by 
the influence of a powerful ''lobby." It was in 
those days of special privileges, says a recent 
prominent State historian, that intense rivalry 
for precedence and enthusiastic exploitation 
brought men into every field of enterprise. Thou- 
sands of discharged soldiers returning to their 
homes from the Civil War sought and secured 
peaceful occupation, while the ever increas- 
ing torrent of immigration swept over the cities 
and into the country districts. The province of 
labor became more and more divided; capital, as 
represented in individuals, was vastly increased. 
The Civil War, largely through the operation of 
government contracts, had made capitalists 
enormously wealthy, and with labor seeking em- 
ployment and capital seeking investment the cor- 
poration, in the modern sense, became a necessity. 
In the corporation men avoided the dangers inci- 
dent to the laws regulating copartnerships, and 
gave to their enterprises far wider scope. 

It was in truth a period of speculation. As in 
the days of the confederation, and in the few years 
following the second war with England, so in the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 111 



period following the Civil War men must needs 
find outlet for their energies and their dollars. 
The outward swing of the pendulum from the 
strain and stress of bloodshed and sororw carried 
people to strange excesses. All the old issues had 
been settled, and those that came to the front 
were new ones of an economic character, except 
that of the demand for ''general amnesty" for the 
late secessionists. Money, or rather fiat money, 
was plentiful, and every project, no matter how 
chimerical, found supporters, both moral and 
financial. 

To incorporators New Jersey, by reason of its 
nearness to the great financial centers and the 
favorable conditions underlying the securing of 
charters, was a chosen resort for those engaged in 
''floating" a variety of "schemes," good, bad, and 
indifferent. The special laws grew in volume day 
by day. Companies were promoted to exploit the 
oil fields of Pennsylvania, perfect various pro- 
cesses for canning and preserving fruits and 
vegetables, the construction of patent pavements, 
improvements in locomotives and passenger 
coaches, the development of the iron and glass in- 
terests, the establishment of the brick and pottery 
industry, these being but a few of a hundred mani- 
festations of activity. 

Two of New Jersey *s products, marl and cran- 
berries, proved attractive, if later disastrous, ob- 



112 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

jects for ''promotion." In the case of marl, from 
colonial times small ''pits" had been dug in that 
fertile portion of the State extending from Free- 
hold to Salem City. As early as 1863, owing to 
the need of fertilizers and the demand upon New 
Jersey farmers for food supplies, to be used in the 
Civil War, the West Jersey Marl and Transporta- 
tion Company had opened large and profitable 
"pits" near Woodbury. In less than a decade 
eleven competing companies had been organized. 
Even the prosaic and neglected cranberry was 
subjected to capitalistic influence, for within ten 
years no less than thirty-two companies were in- 
corporated for its development in New Jersey. In 
1869 an extreme was reached, when an oyster and 
stock raising company was formed under one and 
the same charter. 

From these minor indications of the spirit of 
development and speculation the incorporators of 
companies turned to more attractive fields of en- 
terprise. As early as 1864 a party of New York 
capitalists, chartered as the American Dock and 
Improvement Company, had endeavored to secure 
from the Legislature a free grant to the Hudson 
County water front, extending from South Cove 
to Cavan Point. It was then that men of influence 
associated with the free public school movement 
offered the State of New Jersey one million dol- 
lars for the riparian lands which the American 



ONY A ND AS A STATE ^ 

Company wished to obtain without payment of 
money. Thence arose, from legal opinions which 
were naturally incident to the contention, two 
essential conditions : first, that the American Com- 
pany must pay for so great a privilege, and, sec- 
ondly, that the State must determine, in view of 
her valuable water front privileges, what rights 
she possessed in her riparian lands and what 
methods should be used in the disposal of such 
rights. Hence, upon the occasion of the creation 
of a riparian commission, began a long period 
of discussion as to the relation the State bore to 
railroads seeking terminal facilities, and indus- 
trial corporations desiring locations upon tide- 
water fronts. 

The disposal of the case of the American Com- 
pany in no manner cooled the ardor of those seek- 
ing privileges for warehouses, docks, and ferries. 
Then with the transfer of an urban population to 
New Jersey, and the influence of the ''commuter,'' 
came the incorporation of land and improvement 
companies. In Burlington, Camden, and Glouces- 
ter counties enterprises which had felt the blight- 
ing effects of the Civil War were rejuvenated, and 
new projects launched in the quiet river towns 
contiguous to Philadelphia. From New Brims- 
wick to Pater son the real estate speculators "laid 
out" thousands of acres contiguous to the grow- 
ing cities, and in attractive advertisements in the 

[Vol. 4] 



114 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

local and metropolitan press set out the merits 
of new homes, free from taxes, from malaria, from 
city noise and heat, free from everything— except 
mortgages. 

In the cities new market houses were being con- 
structed, streets were in process of pavement and 
extension, public buildings were being erected, 
general municipal improvements were being insti- 
tuted. In this period of inflation the desire for 
betterment led to later disaster. Smaller towns, 
notably Elizabeth and Rahway, possessed nat- 
ural advantages and desiring to emulate the prog- 
ress of their greater rivals, plunged into ill-fated 
plans of improvements. Streets were paved with 
wooden blocks, not only in the congested portions 
of the towns, but far into the country, making pro- 
vision for a population which would not occupy 
the territory for at least a future half century. 

It was in the incorporation of railroads and the 
union of existing smaller lines, bringing minor 
towns into direct communication with the great 
cities, that the period of development was strik- 
ingly marked. The Camden and Amboy Railroad, 
by securing control of the stock of lesser lines, or 
by a practical system of absorption, had extended 
its sphere of influence throughout Central New 
Jersey. The West Jersey Railroad virtually 
reached every town of importance in the southern 
part of the State. Under the influence of direct 









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*'%!., I M.J- 






pSfi,, 




VIKW OK OLD NKWARK. 



4 



i 



ONY AND AS A STATE 115 

commuiiication the old towns of Woodbury, 
Salem, Bridgeton, Cape May, and the new- 
er Atlantic City had been stimulated, while the 
remarkable growth of the New England settle- 
ment in Vineland attracted much attention to a 
long neglected portion of the State. In North Jer- 
sey during 1869 the Legislature passed an act 
validating and confirming the lease of the Morris 
and Essex Eailroad to the Delaware, Lackawanna 
and Western Railroad, while the New York, Lake 
Erie and Western and the Central of New Jersey 
became possessed of those interests which, under 
their care, have tended so largely to develop the 
towns and cities in the northern and eastern parts 
of the State. 

As to the general character of industrial cor- 
porations it may be said that many of these pro- 
jects were exploited in the best of faith, and it 
would be as senseless as it would be unjust to 
charge aginst this vast body of incorporators sin- 
ister motives. They were overzealous and misled, 
capital became diffused through too many barren 
channels, and labor soon felt the evil effects. Thus 
when the crash came it was quite as much by rea- 
son of a mistaken policy of overproduction as it 
was by wilful and persistent stock jobbing. 

The period from 1866 to 1875 showed political 
changes quite in keeping with this newer period of 
unrest. From 1850 to 1866 the Senate had re- 




SCiiu I uf-. I 



116 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

mained Democratic, with the exception of 1861, 
when the Republicans had control of the upper 
house, and in 1862, when there was a tie. The 
House of Assembly since 1850 had been Demo- 
cratic, with the exception of but a few years. In 
1865 there was a tie vote in the House of Assem- 
bly. Thence until 1873 there was almost constant 
change. In 1866 and 1867 both houses were Re- 
publican. In 1868, 1869, and 1870 both houses 
were Democratic ; and in 1871, 1872, and 1873 both 
houses were again Republican. In 1865 a Repub- 
lican governor, Marcus L. Ward, had been elected, 
but in 1868 the governorship was wrested from 
the Republican party by Theodore F. Randolph, 
whose successor, in 1871, was the former governor, 
Joel Parker, whose great popularity remained un- 
shaken. 

The presidential contest of 1868 found the Re- 
publicans with General Ulysses S. Grant and 
Schuyler Colfax as their nominees, and a platform 
declaring in favor of a reduction of the national 
debt, the encouragement of immigration, and the 
use of coin in the payment of bonds. The Demo- 
crats nominated Horatio SejTiiour and Francis P. 
Blair, and declared for universal amnesty, a uni- 
form paper currency, the payment of the national 
debt in irredeemable paper currency ("green- 
backs"), and the abolition of the system of land 
grants to railroads. As in 1864, so in 1868, New 



ONY AND AS A STATE 317 

Jersey declared herself in favor of the Democratic 
candidate. 

It was in 1872, during the presidential contest, 
that a resident of New Jersey was brought for- 
ward as a vice-presidential candidate. Among 
minor political organizations which had sprung 
into existence was the National Labor party, de- 
claring for paper money, an eight-hour law, Chi- 
nese exclusion, and the abolition of land grants to 
corporations. This party had nominated Joel 
Parker for the vice-presidency. While he declined 
the honor the very use of his name gave the party 
some local strength. Besides this movement the 
''Greenback" or ''Ohio" idea had swept in from 
the Middle West; from 1865 to 1870 National La- 
bor congresses had met, the restriction of immi- 
gration of the Chinese agitated the Pacific slope, 
while the moral question of prohibition of the 
liquor traffic assumed formidable proportions. 
Added to this the Republican and Democratic 
parties were divided. The death of Lincoln and 
the failure to carry out his plan of reconstruction 
upon broad and permanent lines had produced 
much bitterness in the South. The schemes 
adopted by professional politicians had split the 
Republicans in Missouri, from which arose a new 
party called the "Liberal Republicans," owing to 
its doctrine of more generous consideration for the 
Southern States. In the national convention of 



US 



NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 



.rff'^S^ 




HENRY WTLSON. 



the party in 1872 Horace Greeley, of New York, 
and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, were nominated 
for President and Vice-President on a platform 
which for the first time in the politics of the repub- 
lic declared for civil service reform. The ''regu- 
lar" Eepublicans, unaffected by this movement, 
nominated General Grant and Henry Wilson. The 
nomination of Greeley and Brown was endorsed 
by the Democrats, but to many of the "old line*' 
Democrats of New Jersey this endorsement was 
most distasteful, in that Horace Greeley, as ''war 
editor" of the New York Tribune, had but recently 
accused many of his new political associates in 
New Jersey of disloyalty and even treason. The 
breach in the party widened, and General Ulysses 
S. Grant was elected President, the State of New 
Jersey giving him that remarkable majority of 
fifteen thousand two hundred, a majority since 
nnequaled in a presidential contest, until 1896, 
when McKinley and Hobart, Republicans, received 
a plurality of 87,692. 

The distinctive type of social development dur- 
ing the period preceding the panic of 1873 was 
different from that during the Jacksonian period 
of unrest. Then it was the betterment of human- 
ity ; later it tended more toward the personal com- 
fort of the individual. But with newly-acquired 
wealth there was much ostentatious display, and 
attempts to attain a superlative degree of ele- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 119 

gance in dress and house furnishing. New men 
had come to the front with new ideas as to a stand- 
ard of living, with new plans to spend their own 
—and other people's— money. 

Upon the wide acres of New Jersey's farms 
which had been cut up into building lots new 
homes could be found, often with no apparent 
thought as to a desirable location. Square masses 
of brick or wood, with mansard roofs, treeless and 
forlorn, indicated a too common type of the ''mod- 
ern" house, while smaller residences, fearfully 
and wonderfully designed by ambitious archi- 
tects, were to be found on country roads. 

In the family homes by peaceful country sides, 
with all their associations, the old gave place to 
the new. Mahogany was supplanted by gaudily 
decorated ''cottage sets," while more ambitious 
housewives painted, in gorgeous blues and greens, 
antique bird's-eye maple chests. Old silver, with 
its graceful shapes, was packed away, and 
"plated" ware, with a wealth of flowers and 
scrolls and fanciful designs, appeared upon the 
tables. "Art," struggling for existence, found its 
expression in hanging baskets made of pine cones, 
and in bunches of dried grasses and autumn 
leaves dipped in alum water to produce a "frost 
effect." Mottoes and chromos were to be found 
on the walls, and family portraits were hung in 
the garrets. 



120 NEW JERSEY A9 A COL 

In the cities there were like crudities. Men 
sought great hotels and their ornate ''bars,'* 
where the common parlors, dazzling in red and 
yellow silk, walnut furniture, and cheap paintings, 
attracted attention and called forth praise. In 
the summer there was an exodus to ''fashionable 
watering places"— to Saratoga, Lake George, and 
various springs, but notably to Long Branch. 
Gambling and drinking were common,— much 
more common than at present,— and wealth, so 
quickly gained, was lavishly displayed. It was, 
indeed, an era of false taste, of striving for an 
artistic effect with little or no knowledge of how 
that effect should be obtained. 

Even the railroad trains were not exempt. The 
engines were gay with color and brasswork, the 
coaches were paneled with mirrors, or decorated 
between the windows with scenes of tropical life 
—these, by the way, being often more artistic than 
more pretentious efforts. Newspaper advertising 
type felt the effect of this spirit and lacked both 
dignity and grace. 

From the midst of this whirl of color, excite- 
ment, and money-spending the country was 
plunged into a short period of financial disturb- 
ance and then into the panic of 1873. This was 
largely caused by over-production, as that of 1857 
by a lack of capital preceding the failure 
of the Ohio Land and Trust Company. That 



ONY AND AS A STATE 121 

of 1873 was due to altered industrial condi- 
tions. It was the over-development of the new 
"West that was largely responsible. It has been 
most truthfully said that, while the spirit of specu- 
lation had been rampant in New Jersey, and ten 
companies had been engaged in exploiting a given 
industry when one would have sufficed, the condi- 
tion of affairs in the State, bad as they were, had 
no parallel to the rioting with money and credit 
which had taken place in the Mississippi Valley. 
That over-stimulation had its necessary reaction 
was well proved. Three transcontinental roads 
had been wholly or partly contructed, with scores 
of feeders and dependent lines. In the feverish 
markets of the United States and in Europe bonds 
and stocks of these corporations had met with 
ready sale in spite of the fact that none of them 
could show permanent earnings within a decade. 
There were constant defaults in interest, and at 
last the capitalists, gorged with unremunerative 
securities, refused to take more. Devastating fires 
in Boston and Chicago demanded money for muni- 
cipal rehabilitation, and to add to the discontent 
a contest between the farmers and the common 
carriers arose. 

In New Jersey, land speculations had become 
topheavy. The mortgages fell due, taxes were un- 
paid, improvement assessments had been neg- 
lected by property owners. Local banks, to aid 



122 



NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 



their depositors, withdrew their money from city 
institutions, which also demanded their loans. 
Then came rumors of the end, and upon that 
"Black Friday" of September, 1873, the crash 
came. Men, plunged from affluence to poverty, be- 
came wrecks of their former selves. Their indus- 
tries were paralyzed, their workmen beggars. In 
1873 and 1874 there were nearly eleven thousand 
failures, and the nation learned anew that old les- 
son that in spite of political conditions he who 
would dance must pay for his pleasure. 

The effect in New Jersey was disastrous. Rail- 
roads, manufactures, and the farmers were alike 
crippled. There were but few who did not feel the 
evil that had fallen upon the nation. Municipali- 
ties which had engaged in expensive and often 
useless improvements were either bankrupt or 
were closely approaching that condition. Every- 
where were but the flotsam of personal fortunes. 

From these conditions the State and the nation 
emerged to once more enter upon a career of pros- 
perity, and to see the world, in a new light, in the 
Centennial Exposition held in Philadelphia in 
1876. 




TIIK NKW .TKRSKY BUILDING AT THK CENTENNIAL 

KXPftS^ITTOV 



CHAPTER VIII 
The Days of "Camden and Amboy' 



IT WAS upon February 27, 1867, that the 
capital stock of the joint companies, con- 
sisting of the Delaware and Raritan Canal 
Company, incorporated 1830, and the Cam- 
den and Amboy Railroad and Transporta- 
tion Company, also incorporated in 1830, was con- 
solidated with the capital stock of the New Jersey 
Railroad and Transportation Company, which lat- 
ter corporation was chartered in 1832. Under the 
inspiration of Dudley S. Gregory and Russell H. 
Ivins the New Jersey Railroad had secured from 
the ''Associates of the Jersey Company" a con- 
trol of their stock, which gave to the railroad 
company the enjoyment of the ferry privileges, the 
undeveloped possibilities of which, in 1804, had 
proved so attractive to Alexander Hamilton. 

Even before the middle of the nineteenth cen- 
tury the directors of the joint companies had real- 
ized that neither South Amboy nor the town of 
Perth Amboy, about whose commercial interests 
the East Jersey proprietors had once been so act- 
ive, would ever become a commercial rival to 
Jersey City. To reach the then heart of New York 
City a new and more convenient spot must be 
chosen. But Jersey City held the key to the situa- 
tion. 

In addition to the yearly traffic relations be- 
tween the joint companies and the New Jer- 
sey Railroad the acquisition of the bridge across 



126 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

the Delaware River at Trenton, and the absorp- 
tion of the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, 
extending from Morrisville to Kensington, now 
the northern part of the City of Philadelphia, had 
given to the Camden and Amboy interests an all- 
rail route from Philadelphia to New Brunswick, 
while the New Jersey Railroad controlled the one 
route thence to Jersey City and a monopoly of the 
ferries at the mouth of the Hudson River. 

Thenceforth until the passage of the general 
railroad law of 1873 political and legislative war- 
fare against the united companies was constant 
and bitter. The spirit of contest permeated every 
stratum of society. Most apparent in State and 
municipal affairs, the fight against "monopoly" 
seriously affected social and mercantile relations, 
and even in the pulpit the wickedness of the united 
companies was the subject of discourses by the 
** sensational" ministers of the day. 

While the domination of the Camden and Am- 
boy Railroad over Central and Southern New Jer- 
sey was complete other railroads had been pro- 
jected and partly constructed, which had for their 
object the development of all that portion of New 
Jersey north of the Raritan River not contiguous 
to the New Jersey Railroad. Of these railroads 
the two most conspicuous were the Morris and 
Essex Railroad, chartered in 1835, now a part of 
the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western system. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 127 

an act confirming a lease having been passed in 
1869, and the Elizabethtown and Somerville, char- 
tered in 1831, long since absorbed into the Central 
Railroad of New Jersey. Although both these cor- 
porations with subsequent affiliations had entered 
and developed a region of New Jersey rich in 
mines and exceedingly fertile, neither the iron or 
zinc ores, nor the freight and passengers, carried 
by these railroads could reach New York City un- 
less tribute was paid to the New Jersey Railroad. 
In the earliest days neither the Morris and Essex 
Railroad nor the Elizabethtown and Somerville 
was possessed of terminals within the limits of 
Hudson County. Thus it was that what is now 
the Central Railroad ran its cars over the New 
Jersey Railroad from Elizabeth to Jersey City, 
while the Morris and Essex trains were drawn by 
horses from its station in Newark to the Center 
Street station of the New Jersey Railroad, and 
there attached to Jersey City trains. 

At best such traffic arrangements were unsatis- 
factory. There were disputes concerning mileage 
of cars and fares of passengers which assumed 
both corporate and personal phases. Later came 
the attempts of both the Morris and Essex Rail- 
road and the Central Railroad of New Jersey to 
secure frontage upon the Hudson River and inde- 
pendent access to New York City. 

In its control of the lowlands of old Paulus 



128 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




COMMODORE STEVENS. 



Hook nature had vastly aided the plans of the 
New Jersey Railroad. South of the Hook 
lay the "Mud Flats" of South Cove, while to the 
north, in Hoboken, were available terminal facil- 
ities, but separated from the Hackensack Mead- 
ows by the rocky heights of Bergen Hill. To 
overcome such natural obstacles and to compete 
with the New Jersey Railroad Company were the 
problems presented to the Morris and Essex Rail- 
road and the Central Railroad of New Jersey. 

Of the many projects advanced by Commodore 
Stevens, of Castle Point, none was closer to his 
heart than the construction of the Morris and 
Essex Railroad. He had entered into traffic ar- 
rangements with the "great monopoly" under a 
protest, and had long been engaged in an endeavor 
to solve the engineering problem of constructing 
a tunnel through Bergen Hill. By this means his 
railroad would reach the Hudson by an independ- 
ent line, with a terminal on a part of his vast Ho- 
boken estate. He had, indeed, compromised with 
the New Jersey Company in making the Newark- 
Jersey City traffic agreement, but later had be- 
come identified with the promoters of the New 
York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company 
when they endeavored to construct a tunnel. 
As a result of this acomplishment of his desire 
both the Morris and Essex and the Erie Railroads 
jointly secured an outlet to New York City 



ONY AND AS A STATE 129 

through Bergen Hill. It was this joint use of the 
tunnel that led to the still famous ''Frog War" 
between the two companies, when Governor Ran- 
dolph was compelled to call out the militia in or- 
der to quell the rioters. In this ''war" the Erie 
forces were under the direction of the magnate 
"Jim" Fisk, of Long Branch fame. Subsequent- 
ly the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Rail- 
road Company, as successor to the Morris and Es- 
sex Company, blasted its own tunnel through Ber- 
gen Hill. 

As an engineering enterprise the effort of the 
Central Railroad of New Jersey to gain a frontage 
upon the Hudson Rier was of equal if not greater 
moment. But one point was left for occupancy 
—the South Cove,— where sluggish tides, sweep- 
ing inward from the sea, submerged flats long 
sacred to oyster planters, gunners, and masters of 
river craft. To fill South Cove with refuse from 
New York City was the task undertaken by John 
Taylor Johnson and his associates of the Central 
Railroad. Years of toil, the expenditure of vast 
sums of money, the angry protests of residents of 
Jersey City justly annoyed by foul odors and con- 
sequent sickness, resulted in the reclamation of 
this tract. Docks, with miles of tracks, facilities 
for storing and handling coal and freight, and a 
terminal station erected upon ancient fishing 
grounds gave the Central Railroad of New Jersey 

[Vol. 4] 



130 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL 

an outlet of its own, where, as in the case of the 
Lackawanna and Erie Railroads, ferryboats plied 
between the terminals in New Jersey and its piers 
in New York City. 

In part the terminal and ferry monopoly of the 
New Jersey Company had been broken. It 
is necessary to thus briefly survey the physical 
condition of these great interests preparatory to a 
review of the passage of the general railroad law 
ere the full import of that measure be understood. 
This plan was necessarily adopted by William Ed- 
gar Sackett in his ' ' Modern Battles of Trenton. ' ' 

With the close of the Civil War, the great in- 
crease of business, the movement of population, 
the rapid growth of New York City, and the metro- 
politan area in New Jersey, the incorporation of 
successful industrial companies, the rapid flux 
of money and the overweening spirit of specula- 
tion—the feeling of opposition to the Camden and 
Amboy Railroad assumed a new phase. Before 
the great struggle between the North and the 
South the opposition to the monopoly had been 
based to a degree upon ethical considerations. It 
was a protest against a monopoly as such, and its 
political influence, rather than against its commer- 
cial aspect. By 1865 the railroad had become 
the dominant feature in the industrial life of the 
United States, and thenceforth opposition to the 
assumption that its monopoly features were a bar- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 131 



rier to the natural and proper development of the 
State. The company was conservative, and hesi- 
tated to extend its lines; at the same time it ex- 
ercised its legal right to prevent this invasion of 
its territory by rival companies, and, most of all, 
by its chief competitor, the New Jersey Railroad 
and Transportation Company. The near approach 
of the expiration of the monopoly feature of the 
charter of the former stimulated new competitors 
to enter the field. Chief among these was the Cen- 
tral Railroad of New Jersey, which was looked 
upon as the main dependence in aid of a series of 
opposition enterprises. These, under various 
auspices and in various guises, appeared before 
the New Jersey Legislature as applicants for 
special charters, the only method in this State then 
employed to secure incorporation of railroads. 

Before the Civil War a plan had been devised to 
construct a railroad in opposition to the Camden 
and Amboy Company. In 1854 a charter had been 
secured by the Torrey interests for the Raritan 
and Delaware Bay Railroad, designed to start at 
Port Monmouth on the north shore of Monmouth 
County, and thence extending in a general south- 
easterly direction to Cape May City. On the op- 
posite side of Delaware Bay the railroad was pro- 
jected along the ''Eastern Shore" of Maryland 
and Virginia to Norfolk, and a branch line to a 
point opposite Baltimore. The enthusiastic pro- 



132 NEW JERSEY AS A OOL 

jectors of this railroad hoped to capture trade 
from the Southern States, with powerful steam- 
boats transferring passengers across Delaware 
Bay and from Port Monmouth to New York City. 
In New Jersey the course of the road was later ex- 
tended through the heart of the ' ' Pines, ' ' unculti- 
vated and unsettled. With the exception of 
Bridgeton no town of importance lay upon the 
route, and small wonder it was that the railroad 
was ultimately built in sections, and in spite of 
the later influence of Jay Gould, with his New 
Jersey Southern Eailroad of 1870, never realized 
any of the bold aims of its promoters. It was up- 
on this railroad scheme that the Torrey interest 
borrowed nearly a half million dollars from the 
Bank of England, and the foreclosure of the mort- 
gage created as great an interest in European 
financial circles as it did in the New Jersey court 
of equity. 

The plan of constructing a rival railroad 
through the inhospitable ** Pines" having failed 
to accomplish its purpose, the ** anti-monopolists " 
turned to that territory lying between Trenton 
and Bound Brook. The Central Railroad of New 
Jersey in its road from Jersey City to Easton ex- 
tended southwesterly from the Hudson to Bound 
Brook, at which point it was nearest to the City 
of Philadelphia. In the meantime the so-called 
"National Line" or "Air Line" had been pro- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 133 



jected from Philadelphia to Yardley, Pennsyl- 
vania, a village situated on the Delaware four 
miles northwest of Trenton. To connect Yardley 
with Bound Brook was the problem which tore the 
State into dissenting factions and made New Jer- 
sey the ''battleground of railroad giants." Not 
only New Jersey but New York and Philadelphia 
were aroused. The press of the great cities com- 
plained bitterly of the policy of New Jersey, which 
required the Camden and Amboy Railroad to 
pay transit duties, "taken from the pockets of its 
New York and Philadelphia patrons," in lieu of 
taxes. So intensely were the people stirred that 
Governor Randolph, in a special message sent to 
the Legislature in 1869, urged the principle of a 
just and uniform rate of taxation upon all rail- 
road and canal companies, a doctrine later ad- 
vocated under different conditions by Governor 
Leon Abbett, and which led to the railroad and 
canal uniform taxation act of 1884. Under the 
stimulus of the governor's recommendation a tax 
of one-half of one per cent, was imposed upon the 
cost of the Camden and Amboy and other com- 
panies, in lieu of transit duties, to remain oper- 
ative until a general railroad tax law should be 
passed. The session of 1870 saw the introduction 
of a bill, introduced under *' anti-monopoly "in- 
terests, designed to unite the Central Railroad and 
the National line. This legislation was rivalled 



134 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

by an act incorporating the now abandoned ' ' Mer- 
cer and Somerset Railroad Company," which 
named Camden and Amboy men as directors. 
They sought to construct a railroad in the same 
location designed to be occupied by the ''anti- 
monopoly" promoters. The contest ended with 
the Camden and Amboy Company still in power. 
In the year 1871 the united companies and the 
Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company, 
with all their vast interests, passed by lease for 
nine hundred and ninety-nine years into the hands 
of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The 
transfer of these properties marked the culmina- 
tion of the political power of the old "monopoly." 
Nearly forty years had passed since the "John 
Bull," with its whisky barrel on its tender, had 
steamed over the bit of track east of Bordentown. 
Under the stimulus of the "monopoly" the State 
of New Jersey south of the Raritan River had se- 
cured direct methods of transportation. Thus by 
1869 there had been absorbed into the "Camden 
and Amboy" the Camden and Burlington County 
Railroad, branch lines to Vincentown, to Med- 
ford and Marlton, with connections from Kinkora 
to New Lisbon. A fertile agricultural county be- 
tween Pemberton and Hightstown had been 
opened to the world. In the valley of the Raritan 
the Perth Amboy and Woodbridge Railroad had 
been built in 1855, a branch line to Rocky Hill 



ONY AND AS A STATE ^^^ 

had been constructed, while as early as 1851 the 
Freehold and Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad 
had been chartered. In 1836 the Belvidere and 
Delaware Railroad was incorporated, and in 1849 
a branch from Lambertville to Flemington was au- 
thorized. While some of these corporations for 
years retained a positive identity their affiliations 
with the joint companies were always of a most 
intimate character. 

To Camden and Amboy influences were due the 
extension of that system of roads through the 
southern part of the State, now embraced within 
the West Jersey and Seashore system. The West 
Jersey Railroad was incorporated in 1853, with 
power to construct a line from Camden to Cape 
May. Allied interests built the Millville and 
Glassboro, chartered in 1859, the Cape May and 
Millville, incorporated in 1863, with branches later 
constructed to Salem, Swedesboro, and Bridgeton. 
By 1869 the system was complete, while a single 
opposition line, the Camden and Atlantic, char- 
tered in 1852, found Atlantic City's business so un- 
profitable that in 1858 the Legislature authorized 
the sheriffs of those two counties to sell the road. 
In the central and northern portions of the State 
the united companies had acquired other valuable 
interests. Under its direction had passed the af- 
fairs of the Orange and Newark, the Belleville and 
Newark, and the Trenton horse car lines, the 



136 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

bridges used by the New Jersey Eailroad Com- 
pany over the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers, 
the Newark plank road, the Newark turnpike, the 
Essex and Middlesex turnpike, and the Trenton 
and New Brunswick turnpike, with the Camden 
and Philadelphia and the West Jersey ferry com- 
panies. Within half a century these various en- 
terprises had been instituted, and then by lease, 
by control of stock, or by representation upon 
boards of direction under plans for what has later 
been known as '* community of interests" the 
Camden and Amboy and New Jersey Railroads 
grew into a powerful, vigorous organization— an 
iron link between the two most influential cities 
in the United States. 

The consolidation of capital stock of the joint 
companies and the New Jersey Railroad and 
Transportation Company, upon February 27, 1867, 
led to a change of name of these allied interests. 
The new corporation was henceforth officially 
called the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal 
Company. These three companies, together with 
the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company, 
on June 30, 1871, executed to the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company a nine hundred and ninety-nine 
year lease, which lease was validated upon March 
27, 1873. Thus begins the history of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad in the State of New Jersey. 

The advent of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 137 

pany threw that corporation into the midst of a 
political strife which was being waged between 
the Democrats and the Republicans. In 1870 the 
Democrats had controlled both legislative houses, 
and, fearing their opponents, had prepared a 
** gerrymander" to obtain a majority of the sixty 
members of Assembly, the apportionment being 
based upon the returns of the federal census of 
1870. The Democratic Legislature, owing to polit- 
ical causes, having failed to carry out the pro- 
posed ** gerrymander," the Republican party 
plunged into the fight for immediate political con- 
trol, as well as to secure a successor for United 
States Senator Alexander G. Cattell. Into this 
contest the Pennsylvania Railroad Company en- 
tered, and the roll call of the House of Assembly 
and Senate in 1871 showed a majority of Repub- 
lican members. 

Owing to the activities of partisan legislation, 
of which the creation of the Hudson Coimty 
** Horseshoe" was a notable example, the ''oppo- 
sition" railroad interest contented itself with at- 
tacking the Camden and Amboy-Pennsylvania 
lease, and boldly but hopelessly demanded a char- 
ter for a line connecting Philadelphia and New 
York. The time-honored policy of the "National" 
influence, that of securing charters for piecemeal 
roads and finally uniting them in a single sys- 



138 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

tern, was forever abandoned. Thus the issue was 
joined. 

The session of 1872 was devoted largely to rail- 
road legislation, both houses being Republican. 
At the outset the anti-Pennsylvania Railroad ele- 
ments relied upon filibustering tactics. The 
sentiment of the State was drifting toward the en- 
actment of a general railroad law and the aboli- 
tion of special charters, whether granted to com- 
panies engaged in transportation or industrial en- 
terprises. A familiar resolution was adopted call- 
ing for an investigation of the lease entered into 
between the united companies and the Pennsylva- 
nia Railroad Company. This motion was vrith- 
drawn but a short time before the Philadelphia 
and New York Railroad rushed through the House 
of Assembly its charter in opposition to the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Company, a measure which met 
defeat in the Senate, during the month of March. 

Then came the crucial test. The session of 
1873 was made memorable by the contest between 
great corporations, and after a long struggle there 
was finally enacted, upon the 2d of April, the 
general railroad law, which gave to the competi- 
tors of the united companies the right to cross the 
State and construct their lines between the Cities 
of New York and Philadelphia. 



CHAPTER IX 

CoNSTITUTIONAIi AMENDMENTS OP 1875 



IT HAD become evident to far-sighted men 
as early as the close of the Civil War that 
a revision of the then existing State con- 
stitution was necessary. The abolition of 
special privileges, as exemplified in the 
charter of the Camden and Amboy Eailroad Com- 
pany, was the main object to be secured, although 
a similar objection had arisen concerning special 
legislation authorizing the existence of industrial 
corporations. Other reforms were in contempla- 
tion—collateral reforms incident to any period, 
when a people seek to rid themselves of a single 
evil, the existence of which is either real or as- 
sumed. 

Governor Joel Parker, in his diplomatic but 
resolute way, brought the subject to an issue in 
his annual message submitted to the Legislature 
during the session of 1873. He briefly stated the 
gist of the matter when he wrote: ''The State 
Constitution should require general laws and for- 
bid the enactment of all special or private laws 
embracing subjects where general laws can be 
made applicable." During the session of 1872 
one hundred pages of the pamphlet laws contained 
all those of a public character, while the special 
and private laws occupied over twelve hundred 
and fifty pages of the same book. Equal taxation 
and general laws for the government of munici- 
pal corporations were also recommended. 



142 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

The Republican Legislature of that year so far 
concurred in Governor Parker's suggestion as to 
provide for the appointment of a bipartisan con- 
stitutional commission by the governor. Based 
upon a Democratic precedent, in 1870, when that 
party had created a police conunission in Newark, 
and had re-introduced the ancient principle of 
selection of municipal officers by the joint 
meeting, the Republicans had taken a like 
course regarding Jersey City, with most disastrous 
results. From the maladministration of certain 
officials the municipal affairs of Jersey City were 
becoming a scandal, and the various ''Boards'* 
governing the town were charged with corruption, 
fraud, and extravagance. 

The advisory constitutional commission ap- 
pointed by Governor Parker, under a resolution of 
April 4, 1873, consisted of fourteen representative 
men, two from each of the congressional districts. 
On the 24th of that month the governor nominated 
these members of the commission: Benjamin F. 
Carter, Woodbury; Samuel H. Grey, Camden ; Mer- 
cer Beasley, Trenton; John C. Ten Eyck, Mount 
Holly; Robert S. Green, Elizabeth; John F. Bab- 
cock, New Brunswick; Martin Ryerson and Jacob 
L. Swayze, Newton; Augustus W. Cutler, Morris- 
town; Benjamin Buckley, Paterson; Theodore 
Runyon and John W. Taylor, Newark; Abraham 
0. Zabriskie and Robert Gilchrist, Jersey City. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 143 

From the commission there were several resigna- 
tions and declinations. Mercer Beasley was suc- 
ceeded by Philemon Dickinson, of Trenton ; Martin 
Ryerson by Joseph Thompson, of Somerset ; Theo- 
dore Runyon by George J. Ferry, of Orange ; Rob- 
ert Gilchrist by William Brinkerhoff, of Jersey 
City ; and John W. Taylor by Algernon S. Hubbell, 
of Newark. Ex-Chancellor Abraham 0. Zabriskie 
had been unanimously chosen as president of the 
convention, but, his death occurring, his place was 
filled by Dudley S. Gregory, of Jersey City. The 
secretaries of the convention were Joseph L. Naar 
and Edward J. Anderson, both of Trenton. The 
commission sat from May 8 to December 23d, 1873. 
Although strongly pressed to take action upon 
the question of senatorial representation the com- 
mission failed to act. The intense conservatism of 
the rural portions of the State had developed a 
spirit of ** county rights, " which had found expres- 
sion even during the colonial period, when the 
crown's governors recommended the distribution 
of members of their Councils, as equally as possi- 
ble, among the more influential counties. "With 
the revolutionary constitution of 1776 each county 
was entitled to its member of Council, in this man- 
ner securing an equal voting privilege for every 
county represented in the Council, a custom con- 
tinued by the constitution of 1844. There were, 
however, but few questions, affecting New Jer- 



144 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

sey's interests, connected with, constitutional re- 
form that the commission did not discuss. A sug- 
gestion favoring biennial sessions of the Legisla- 
ture was lost, and the proposition that a two- 
thirds vote should override the governor's veto 
was killed by a tie vote. The school question also 
appeared for discussion. Under the provisions of 
the statute school moneys are raised by tax based 
on valuations returned from the several counties 
of the State, and are redistributed by the State 
among the various counties, the children of the 
counties forming the basis of computation. Epi- 
grammatically this idea was well expressed by 
William Edgar Sackett in his "Modern Battles of 
Trenton," when he said that in its practical oper- 
ation the county that has more dollars than school 
children contributes to the maintenance of schools 
in counties that have more children than dollars. 
Opposition was expressed on the contention that 
the moneys, having been raised on valuations, 
should be re-apportioned on valuations. But no 
recommendation was made. 

Although an amendment authorizing the Legis- 
lature to take from any persons and corporations 
any special privileges they enjoyed was defeated, 
the commission recommended, and saw adopted, 
an amendment forbidding the Legislature to pass 
any private, local, or special laws regulating the 
internal affairs of towns and counties. An amend- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 145 

ment was also advocated, and later adopted, pro- 
hibiting the appointment of local officers or com- 
missions to regulate municipal affairs, concern- 
ing which subjects the House of Assembly and 
Senate were directed to pass general laws. It is 
upon these two provisions that a large amount 
of litigation has arisen, every word and phrase, 
as well as the spirit of these provisions, having 
been subjected to judicial determination. 

With the discussion of these most important 
and many minor matters the constitutional com- 
mission submitted its report to the Legislature of 
1874, a body, on joint ballot, overwhelmingly Re- 
publican. The commissioners, said Governor 
Parker in his annual message, had been animated 
by patriotism, wisdom, and discretion, and were 
particularly free from local prejudice and par- 
tisanship. 

The Legislature rejected a number of the com- 
mission's recommendations, but accepted the pro- 
visions prohibiting special legislation for munici- 
pal corporations, directing that taxable property 
shall be assessed under general laws and by uni- 
form rules, according to its true value, and pro- 
hibiting State grants to any municipal corpora- 
tion, society, association, or industrial corporation. 

Before the constitutional amendments reached 
the Legislature of 1875 the State was plunged into 
a gubernatorial contest, and in spite of the wealth 

[Vol. 4] 



146 



NEW JERSEY AS A CX)L 




and influence of the Republican nominee, George 
A. Halsey, he was defeated by Joseph D. Bedie 
by a large majority. While George A. Halsey was 
unquestionably opposed to the methods employed 
in the administration of Jersey City's affairs 
Joseph D. Bedle presiding in the Hudson County 
courts as a justice of the Supreme Court, 
had sent many of the participants in jobbery to 
State Prison. As a result the excitement caused 
by political misdeeds in Jersey City, and subordi- 
y nate issues, led to the election of a Democratic 
ir/House of Assembly, the Republicans remaining in 
fiontrol of the Senate. 

The subject of constitutional revision was dis- 
cussed by Governor Bedle in his inaugural ad- 
dress. He had noticed the failure of legislative 
commissions selected by the States of New York 
and Pennsylvania, for the purposes of governing 
municipalities, and summed up the situation in 
trite phrase by hoping to see the day when every 
city in the State should be governed by a general 
law, guaranteeing to it local self-government. 
The session became vastly stirred concerning the 
so-called ''Catholic Protectory" bill and the ''Lib- 
erty of Conscience" act, two measures which later 
precipitated a violent religious controversy and 
which, reflected at the special election held Sep- 
tember 7, 1875, led to the adoption of every con- 



Joseph Dorsett Dedle. LL.D.. b. lliddletowu Poin* 
(Matawan), N. J., Jan. 6, 1821; lawyer IKS; ap- 
pointed associate justice New Jersey Supreme Court 
186B ; governor of the SUtc 1876-78 ; d. Oct 51 1«W 



ONY AND AS A STATE 147 

stitutional amendment by a majority of forty thou- 
sand. 

The abolishment of special legislation and the 
attempt to meet the situation led to the passage 
of general laws to meet the requirements of the 
constitution and the needs of municipalities. 
"Poor, afflicted Jersey City," said one of those 
who had made a special study of the period, 
* 'found herself in fresh embarrassments. There 
was no other city in the State whose affairs were 
administered by legislative commissions, and 
any act intended to relieve her of hers was neces- 
sarily special and local and consequently re- 
pugnant to the new constitutional require- 
ments. ' ' Subsequently relief came to Jersey City, 
when an act was passed under which, by the appli- 
cation of the principle of home rule, the great 
municipality upon the Hudson River became freed 
from those political conditions to which her citi- 
zens objected. 

The line between general and special legisla- 
tion, particularly in matters affecting municipal 
corporations, was at first broad and often ill-de- 
fined. A score of devices, apparently innocent, so 
cleverly were they formulated, were adopted to 
secure some favored locality special privileges 
under the guise of a general act. The matter dis- 
turbed the State, and was presented at every ses- 
sion of the Legislature until, under legislative au- 



148 NEW JERSEY AS A CX)LONY 

thority, provision was made for further amend- 
ments to the constitution. Conmiissioners for that 
purpose were appointed in 1881; Leon Abbett H. 
N. Congar, and John T. Bird. To act with these 
commissioners Barker Gummere and Holmes W. 
Murphy had been selected by the House of Assem- 
bly and John J. Gardner and Thomas S. McKean 
had been chosen by the Senate. The recommenda- 
tions of the commission were never adopted. 

Three acts, the outgrowth of the work of the 
constitutional convention of 1873, are of essential 
interest and importance. These are a series of stat- 
utes passed for the classification of counties, ap- 
proved February 7,1883 ; of cities, approved March 
4, 1882 ; and of boroughs, approved March 23, 1883. 
Under these acts groups of counties are classed by 
population, there being four classes. There are 
four classes of cities, and three classes of bor- 
oughs. Thus the first class of counties are those 
having a population exceeding one hundred and 
fifty thousand, Hudson and Essex being thus in- 
cluded, as Newark and Jersey City are the only 
municipal corporations represented among first- 
class cities. Legislation, it has been held by the 
courts, may affect such classes without being un- 
constitutional. 



CHAPTER X 

Recjent Changes in the CoNeTirvnoN 



FOR many years a racetrack, attracting 
fashionable folk and their money, 
had been established near Long 
Branch, not to mention minor tracks 
which from time to time, in various 
parts of the State, had experienced transient and 
sometimes locally brilliant careers. Although 
there was betting upon the speed of horses at Mon- 
mouth racecourse, nevertheless the laws against 
gambling were but lightly enforced. Monmouth 
racetrack had become an institution, in that legis- 
lative protection in the matters of pool selling and 
racetrack betting had been extended to these mid- 
summer ''meets." 

The success of Monmouth course had led, before 
1891, to the establishment of two other racetracks 
in New Jersey— one at Guttenberg, with a large 
New York City patronage, the other at Gloucester, 
which attracted the attention of Philadelphians. 
The two tracks became extremely profitable ven- 
tures, so much so, indeed, that they were politically 
powerful, and consequently met with censure from 
the press and from the bench. Moreover, whereas 
the racing at Monmouth had been generally re- 
garded as "respectable" and honest contests of 
horseflesh, the exhibitions at Guttenberg and 
Gloucester were particularly denounced as the 
merest travesties of racing, and largely as acces- 
sories to the betting at pool-rooms all over the 



152 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

country. In the meantime Monmouth course had 
been deprived of such legislation as had been bene- 
ficial, and sought to reopen its gates by the intro- 
duction, in 1891, of a bill removing racecourse bet- 
ting booths from the category of disorderly houses. 

Then followed a movement as remarkable as it 
was spontaneous. The act which would exempt 
Monmouth course also applied to a racetrack be- 
ing laid out at Linden, near Elizabeth. The stat- 
ute of 1891 had moved quietly through both 
houses, had gone to Governor Abbett unopposed, 
and was ready for his action. In Elizabeth was 
the Eev. Dr. Kempshall, a Presbyterian minister, 
actively opposed to gambling, who, being informed 
of the state of affairs, within three days organized 
the Anti-Racetrack League, of which he was presi- 
dent, and by its influence persuaded Governor Ab- 
bett to withhold his signature from the measure. 

In the legislative session of 1893 there was a ma- 
jority of members favorable to the influences of 
the Guttenberg and Gloucester racetracks. To 
secure permanency of gambling at horse races it 
was necessary that effective legislation be passed. 
First an offer was made that one half of the gate 
money should be paid to the State for racetrack 
licenses, this act being defeated by a popular 
demonstration made in the capital. Then three 
bills were introduced— one permitting authorities 
of a county or town to license a racetrack located 



ONY AND AS A STATE 153 

within its limits, another which declared that a 
racetrack where bets were made was not a disor- 
derly house, and a third imposing light fines upon 
those who violated the anti-gambling laws of New 
Jersey. The acts had been passed, with great 
rapidity, by the House of Assembly, had been but 
slightly delayed by the Hoffman-Riddle contest in 
the Senate, and, having been passed by that body, 
went to Governor George T. Werts for his ac- 
tion. He promptly vetoed the bills. But before 
the Anti-Racetrack League and its allied kindred 
organizations could be represented en masse in 
Trenton the House of Assembly and Senate passed 
the three bills over the governor's veto. 

Trenton became a storm center. The leaguers, 
early in March, came to Trenton, filled the 
House of Assembly, overflowed to a local 
theater, where State and county organization was 
effected, and speeches were made amid intense en- 
thusiasm, in which the racetracks, their interests, 
and their legislation were subjected to the bitter- 
est invective and denunciation. As a result of 
this meeting a notable committee of citizens went 
before the House of Assembly to urge the passage 
of "repealers"— acts which never left the commit- 
tees to which they had been committed. Then 
came disagreement, so it is said, between the man- 
lociTi/^Tifq of Gnttenberg and Gloucester courses, 
the former having its profitable season only in 



154 NEW JERSEY AS A CX)L 

the winter, owing to competition in spring, sum- 
mer, and autumn. Thus it was that the act forbid- 
ding winter racing was prepared, on the authority 
of Mr. Sackett, under the direction of the Glouces- 
ter influences. 

But temporarily at least the racetracks had won 
the battle. Attempts were being made to open 
tracks under permission from town and county au- 
thorities. Clifton, in Passaic County, the old Mon- 
mouth course, Guttenberg, Gloucester, and pos- 
sibly Linden were preparing for racing. Then 
came the gubernatorial election of 1892, resulting 
in the election of George T. Werts, Democrat, by 
a plurality of 7,625. The Democrats had, in 1891, 
ingeniously redistricted the State in such a man- 
ner as to secure, as they believed, forty-four of the 
sixty Assembly districts, but the Republican party 
was swept into power in the session of 1894 with 
a popular majority of nearly thirty thousand and 
thirty-nine members of the Assembly. Following 
the election came a decision from the Supreme 
Court, from which tribunal an opinion con- 
cerning the legality of the redistricting bill 
had been sought, that the system of electing as- 
semblymen within district lines was not lawful, 
and that to be in consonance with the require- 
ments of the State constitution the Assembly dele- 
gations must be elected on a ** general county 
ticket*'— the system at present (1902) in use. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 155 

Now came a contest for the control of the Sen- 
ate with its one Republican majority. The claim 
was made by the Democrats that the Senate was 
a continuous body, that the nine Democratic and 
four Republican ''hold over" Senators were the 
constitutional judges of the qualifications and cre- 
dentials of the newly-elected members of that 
body. The story of the manner in which the Re- 
publicans obtained control of the Senate is but re- 
cent history ; of how physical force was opposed by 
physical force in the broad entrance to the Senate, 
and how eventually eleven Republican senators, 
the seven newly-elected and the four ''hold overs,'* 
forced their way, on that January afternoon in 
1894 to their seats. Then it was that, organiza- 
tion having been effected, by both "Senates"— 
Governor George T. Werts decided to recognize 
only the "Continuous Senate," and a memorable 
deadlock ensued. Promptly came an appeal to 
the Supreme Court, which held that the Senate 
of the State of New Jersey was not a con- 
tinuous body, that the credentials of the newly- 
elected members constituted a title to their seats, 
and that the president of the "Continuous Sen- 
ate" was not president of that body. 

It was under such political conditions that a 
constitutional commission was selected by Gov- 
ernor George T. Werts in the early summer of 
1894. The Legislature had responded to a call for 



156 



NEW JERSEY AS A GOL 




t&t<iout(i;o (Pidf^ 



changes in the organic law, the demand being 
made for an altered system of jnrisprndence and 
for the election of certain officers by the people. 
It was a manifestation of that constant attempt 
to democratize the bench, and remove the last 
vestiges of colonial methods of centralizing pow- 
er in the hands of the governor. In pursuance of 
a joint resolution of the Legislature approved 
May 17, 1894, the following nominations werf'. con- 
firmed by the Senate : 

At Large— John P. Stockton, Trenton; Allan L. 
McDermott, Jersey City; Samuel H. Grey, Cam- 
den; and William Walter Phelps, Englewood; 
while from the eight congressional districts were 
chosen George Hires, Salem; Howard Carrow, 
Camden; William M. Lanning, Trenton; Edward 
D. Stokes, Mount Holly; Henry Mitchell, Asbury 
Park; George C. Ludlow, New Brunswick; John 
Franklin Fort, East Orange ; Carman F. Randolph, 
Morristown; Garret A. Hobart, Paterson; John 
D. Probst, Englewood; Edward Balbach, Jr., and 
Frederick Frelinghuysen, Newark; Edwin A. 
Stevens, Hoboken; Joseph D. Bedle, Jersey City; 
John Kean, Jr., Elizabeth; John McC. Morrow, 
Newark. Messrs. Hobart and Balbach declined 
to serve on the commission, and their places were 
filled by the appointment of Eugene Emley, of 
Paterson, and E. Cortlandt Drake, of Newark. 

On Tuesday, June 5th, the commission met in 



William Walter Pbelps, L.L.D., b. New Tork Citr, 
Aug. 24. 1830; grad. Yale College 1860 and Columb'a 
Law School ISW ; member of Congreaa 1873-75 ia< 
18fi2-8S; minister to Vienna 1881-8S; mlntater to v3«T- 
many 18S9-»ri ; d Jan»> 17, 1864. 



^ 



;i>4> NEW "' "Y AS A COL 

('hanges in the organic law, thr- demand being 
mader/^p/^JS Mtexadi lt^flemTof>|'dl Ji^^lttidfektte and 

forfto;giEgtiQli.v> ^ ' '''' ''''"■ ^ 

It vrfasi'i "'♦^^'-' \„... 

to ^to8.i 'W2^1s?t 
vestigres c 

er v4i;e ot 

a 7;T-, - 

Mr..i,. .,-.- ,.. J. ,.._„../ -. ^-l'.^^';. 

yy At Large— John P. Stockton, 

McDermot , Cam- 

^' -tricts were 

I Oarrow, 

',dward 

. JOJQIl 

. v^iidolph, 
MorristoTv ^on ; John 

D, Probst, Engiewood ; Ed^rard Balbach, Jr., and 
Frederick Frelinghnysen, ' 5i]dwin A. 

Stevens, Hoboken; Joseph B. r'eaie, jersey City; 
John Kean Jv T^K nT^-oth; Johr^ Afpf!. Morrow, 
Newark i and . declined 

to serve on the conimirt;3ion, and their places were 
filled by the t of Engene Emley, of 

Paterson, anc! r, ; '" v ^ •" i^ 

Ob Taeft'i;'< ■ ,c.f in 




^,Z^. qJ- J'l^-^^0^^'^c^^^-^----^ 



cf. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 157 

the Senate chamber at Trenton, and organized by 
the election of Samuel H. Grey as president; 
George C. Ludlow, vice-president, and Joseph L. 
Naar, of Trenton, secretary. The last session of 
the commission was held on September 25th. Sev- 
eral amendments were suggested by the commis- 
sion and submitted, through the governor, to the 
Legislature, none of which were adopted by that 
body. 

The anti-racetrack agitation found its filial ex- 
pression in one of three amendments to the consti- 
tution adopted at a special election held in Sep- 
tember 28, 1897. Upon that day by a vote of 
70,443 to 69,642— a majority of 801,— the foUow- 
ing amendment was adopted : 

No lottery shall be authorized by the legislature or otherwise in 
thia State, and no ticket in any lottery shall be bought or sold 
within this State, nor shall pool-selling, book-making or gambling 
of any kind be authorized or allowed within this State, nor shall 
any gambling device, practice or game of chance now prohibited 
by law be legalized, or the remedy, penalty or punishment now 
provided therefor be in any way diminished. 

To restrain the appointing power of the gov- 
ernor another amendment was adopted the same 
day by a vote of 73,722 to 66,296. It was as fol- 
lows: 

No person who shall have been nominated to the Senate by the 
governor for any oflBce of trust or profit under the government of 
this State, and shall not have been confirmed before the recess of 
the legislature, shall be eligible for appointment to such office 
during the continuance of such recess. 



158 NEW JERSEY AB A COLONY 

The same election also disposed of the question 
of woman's suffrage. An amendment authorizing 
women to vote at any school meeting held in any 
school district of this State, in which she might re- 
side, for members of boards of education and all 
other school officers was defeated, the affirmative 
vote being 65,021 and the negative 75,170. The 
amendments adopted became a part of the consti- 
tution on October 26, 1897, the date of the gov- 
ernor's proclamation to that effect. 



CHAPTBK :XJ 
A State Battlb of Balixwcs— 1862-1885 



N THE setting forth of the general yet 
salient features of the political history of 
New Jersey from 1862 to 1902-in this 
and the following chapter — it must be rec- 
ognized that platforms presented by the 
Democratic and Republican parties during guber- 
natorial contests present a discussion of every 
subject of vital State interest. To trace the cur- 
rent of political thought, to note the intensity of 
popular feeling, to ascertain, in short, the ''stand- 
ing" of the two great parties, such platforms dur- 
ing a period of forty years have been carefully ex- 
amined. In their presentation, which has been 
done largely in abstract and partially in citation 
of the language used, the thought of the framers 
has been essentially preserved. The result is an 
outline of twenty-eight platforms adopted upon 
the occasion of fourteen gubernatorial conven- 
tions. 

That perfect impartiality might be secured the 
files of the Trenton State Gazette, an official Re- 
publican organ, and the Trenton True American, 
an official Democratic organ, were consulted. The 
files of these old-established daily newspapers 
which were used are those in the custody of Henry 
C. Buchanan, librarian of the State of New Jer- 
sey, in the capitol, at Trenton. 

Not only for the student of State and national 
history, but for the working partisan, these plat- 

[Vol. 4] 



162 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

forms contain a mass of data not elsewhere com- 
piled. Therein may be found the changes of atti- 
tude toward questions of moment, which have been 
taken by the Republicans and Democrats ; therein 
are presented mi^tters once of pressing interest, 
now by the younger generation all but forgotten. 
Many of the candidates whose names are men- 
tioned have fought their last political battles, and 
after the toil and conflict incident to the sustain- 
ing of their great organizations have left names by 
which future adherents to their principles may 
conjure. Many remain to conduct the tests of 
party strength, to render service, until they, too, 
shall pass the mantle of power to younger and 
more active shoulders. Thus freed from the spirit 
of partisanship the story of New Jersey's political 
life during forty years is mirrored from the best 
documentary evidence. 

1862: Republican.— The Republican convention 
of 1862, by acclamation, nominated Marcus L. 
Ward for governor of New Jersey after the names 
of Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Ephraim Marsh, 
Joseph T. Crowell, and William A. Newell had 
been presented and withdrawn. 

The platform adopted was to the effect that the 
delegates to the convention had met pursuant to 
a general public call, *'at a crisis in our history 
grave and momentous beyond expression." The 
resolutions in scathing terms denounced rebellion, 



ONY AND AS A STATE 163 

endorsed the previous State and the existing Fed- 
eral administrations, asserted the loyalty of New 
Jersey, and expressed gratitude to the Union sol- 
diers for their services on Southern battlefields, 
declaring that in case of intervention on the part 
of foreign governments a ''persistent and uncom- 
promising war" would be waged against such na- 
tions. The platform was devoid of reference to 
State issues. 

1862: Democratic— The Democratic convention 
of 1862 had no dearth of candidates. The follow- 
ing nominations were made: Peter D. Vroom, 
Moses Bigelow, Joel Parker, Charles Skelton, J. 
R. Sickler, Jacob R. Wortendyke, Alexander 
Wurts, Robert Adrian, R. M. Smith, Joseph N. 
Taylor, Benjamin Williamson, and Phineas B. 
Kennedy. Upon the fourth and intensely exciting 
ballot Joel Parker received the nomination. 

The platform of the party deplored "the demor- 
alizing tendency of the Higher Law teachings of 
the Republican party," and reiterated the faith of 
the Democracy in the doctrine that ''Constitu- 
tional Law" is the only true basis of action. A 
"plank" extended a cordial support to the federal 
administration in its efforts to overcome rebellion. 
The suppression of the writ of habeas corpus, the 
restriction of freedom of speech and of the press, 
were declared to be dangerous infringements of 
constitutional rights. The platform contained a 



164 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

protest against "reckless extravagance, infamous 
peculation, and political outrages, of which the 
party in power" was said to be guilty in its con- 
duct of the Civil War. The idea was rejected that 
an object of the war should be the "emancipa- 
tion of the slaves. ' ' The services of the volun- 
teers were applauded, while the deaths of Major- 
General Philip Kearny and General G. W. Taylor 
and other brave men were mourned. 

Parker's vote was 61,307, Ward's 46,710, giving 
a Democratic majority of 14,597. 

The Democratic party in New Jersey in 1862 
was still affected by the complications resulting 
from the presidential election of 1860. Although 
the Democratic fusion ticket, with a State vote 
of 62,869, had secured a majority of 4,523 over the 
58,346 votes cast for the Republican ticket, never- 
theless four electoral votes of New Jersey were 
cast in 1861 for Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal 
Hamlin, Republican candidates for President and 
Vice-President, while three electoral votes of the 
State were cast for the fusion Democratic candi- 
dates, Stephen A. Douglas and Herchel V. John- 
son. At the same time 56,237 votes were polled 
for Breckinridge, indicative of the prevalence of 
"Southern" sentiment in New Jersey. But by 
1864, during the administration of Governor 
Parker, the State of New Jersey returned to her 
Democratic affiliations, being the only State north 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



165 



of Mason and Dixon's line to give a popular ma- 
jority for the Democratic candidate, General 
George B. McClellan. In the presidential election 
of 1864 General McClellan opposed Abraham Lin- 
coln, New Jersey's vote for McClellan being 68,- 
024, for Lincoln 60,723, giving the Democratic 
nominee a majority of 7,301. 

1865: Republican. — Four ballots were required 
in the Republican or "Union" convention of 1865 
before Marcus L. Ward received his party's nomi- 
nation for governor. The opposing candidates 
were Alexander G. Cattell and Major-General 
Judson Kilpatrick. The platform, in general 
tenns, congratulated the country upon the return 
of peace, deplored the death of Abraham Lincoln, 
and endorsed the administration of Andrew John- 
son. 

Against the Democratic ''influential leaders 
and presses" of the State it was charged that the 
Democrats had issued a manifesto, "through an 
ex-governor of the State," advising that New Jer- 
sey should cast her lot with the South, that the 
Democratic party prolonged the war by "evidences 
of s^Tupathy with treason," and had "discouraged 
volunteering, ' ' thus contributing to the burden of 
large bounties. The Democrats were accused of 
opposing as unconstitutional a draft, and opposing 
also the enlistment of negro troops. They were 
charged with exciting popular opposition to na- 




^^-^ 



ffifftf^^^ I 



Judsou Kilpatrick (known encyclopecll<;ly as Hngh 
Judson Kilpatrick), 6. Deckertown, N. J., Jan. 17, 
1836; grad. Weet Point 1861; entered the artHlory 
eervioe ; wounded Big BetheJ 1861 ; lieutenant-colonel 
of cavalry Sept, 1S61 ; brevetted major-gen jrul 
V. 8. A. ; appointed mlnteter to ChlH 1865; d. Dec. i. 
l«a 



166 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




tional taxes, of refusing the elective franchise to 
the citizen soldiery when in service, and of in- 
creasing since 1850 the ordinary expenses of State 
government. The convention pledged the sup- 
port of "Union" men of New Jersey in the effort 
to secure the adoption of the constitutional 
amendment abolishing slavery, deploring the posi- 
tion taken by New Jersey * ' as the only free State 
that has refused to ratify the amendment." For 
the honorably discharged soldiers the convention 
pledged itself to secure bounties, as well as to re- 
duce State expenditures, to sustain the "Monroe 
Doctrine," and to support a policy of rigid econ- 
omy. 
1865: Democratic— Aiter four ballots Theodore 
unyon was nominated by the Democratic con- 
|^?ifention of 1865. The other candidates were Gen- 
feral Gershom Mott, Theodore F. Randolph, Moses 
^ Bigelow, and S. J. Bayard. 

//The State platform was lengthy, charging the 
l^CJi^y^SLT to the abolitionists of the North and the se- 
—-'-i^ cessionists of the South. A return to the bimetal- 
lic standard was endorsed, and opposition to negro 
suffrage expressed upon the ground that the peo- 
ple of each State had the right to control the sub- 
ject as they deemed best. This doctrine, broadly 
advocated, led to the adoption of a "plank" de- 
claring the right of each State to control its own 
militia. The "Monroe Doctrine" was endorsed 



Theodore Frelinghuyaea RauUoU'fi. (>■ New Brun:s- 
wlck, N. J., June 24. 1816 ; edu. Rutgers grammar 
Bchool ; president Morrla and E.ssex Railroad ; mem- 
ber New Jersey Assembly 1859-80; Btate senator 
1861-66 ; governor 1869-72 ; IF. 9. sonator 1875-81 ; a 
founder and president of the Waahingtoa Head- 
quarters Association at M orriatown ; d. there Nov. 
7. 1883. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 167 



and the federal administration adversely criti- 
cised for its plan of subordinating civil to the 
military power. The payment of equalized boun- 
ties due State soldiers was also advocated. The 
claim was made that the Democrats were the first 
in New Jersey to advocate and establish the prin- 
ciple of equal taxation. 

Ward received 67,525 votes, Runyon had 64,737, 
giving a Republican majority of 2,789. 

1868: Republican.— J ohn I. Blair was the unani- 
mous choice of the Republican convention of 1868. 
The State platform endorsed the national plat- 
form, which congratulated the country upon the 
success of the ''Reconstruction" policy, and the 
guarantee, by Congress, of equal suffrage to all 
loyal Southerners. Repudiation was denounced, 
and equal taxation in the interest of labor advo- 
cated. It was urged that the national debt be ex- 
tended "over a fair period for redemption," and 
that Congress reduce the interest thereon ''when- 
ever it can honestly be done," thus improving na- 
tional credit. Reversing the attitude of the plat- 
form of 1865, New Jersey Republicans, by endors- 
ing the national platform, violently denounced An- 
drew Johnson's administration and the "corrup- 
tions which have been so shamefully nursed and 
fostered." Protection to naturalized citizens was 
granted, bounties and pensions for soldiers were 
promised, as well as the protection of their widows 



168 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

and orphans, foreign emigration encouraged, 
while removal of restrictions and disqualifications 
upon those "reconstructed" was advocated. 

The State platform, in addition, urged that the 
Democrats in New Jersey be driven from power, 
they being charged with "attempting to undo the 
ratification of the 14th article of the Constitution. ' ' 

1868: Democratic— In 1868 the Democratic 
party selected as its gubernatorial nominee Theo- 
dore F. Randolph. Two ballots were taken, those 
presented in nomination beside Mr. Randolph be- 
ing Isaac V. Dickinson, Amos Robbins, Nehemiah 
Perry, General Theodore Runyon, Henry S. Lit- 
tle, and Moses Bigelow. 

The platform was marked by brevity and direct- 
ness. The "Republican proposition" of striking 
the word "white" from the State constitution and 
establishing political equality between the races 
in New Jersey led the Democrats to "congratulate 
the people of the State upon their spontaneous 
repudiation" of such a course. Accepting the de- 
cision of the war and the consent of Southern 
States to the constitutional amendment as the 
practical abolishment of the institution of slav- 
ery, the Democrats of New Jersey insisted upon 
the right of all the States to regulate their do- 
mestic affairs without congressional interference. 
In spite of the fact that New Jersey in 1868 had a 
Republican governor Horatio Seymour, Demo- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



169 



cratic nominee for President, secured in New Jer- 
sey 2,870 votes over Ulysses S. Grant, the Eepub- 
lican nominee and successful contestant for the 
oflSce. Seymour's vote was 83,001, Grant's vote 
80,131. 

1871. Republican.,— Before the Republican con- 
vention of 1871 there were the following nomi- 
nees : Cornelius Walsh (who was nominated by 
South Jersey), Major-General Judson Kilpatrick, 
John Davidson, Marcus L. Ward, Theodore Little, 
Ellston Marsh, John Hill, Colonel A. D. Hope, and 
James M. Scovel. 

The platform endorsed the fifteenth amend- 
ment to the federal constitution, and commended 
the national administration in its effort to reduce 
the public debt and the adjustment of the contro- 
versy with Great Britain. Civil service reform 
was recommended, and the claims of Jersey City 
to be made a port of entry as the seat of an inde- 
pendent custom house were endorsed. Popular 
education, the ' ' passage of a general law of incor- 
poration and of the abolition, as far as practicable, 
of all special and private legislation" were recom- 
mended. Upon such a platform Cornelius Walsh 
was nominated upon the second ballot, but prac- 
tically by acclamation. 

1871: Democratic— Although. Joel Parker had 
positively declined the honor, nevertheless the 
Democratic State convention of 1871 forced upon 




HORATIO SEYMOUR. 



170 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

him on one ballot the nomination for governor. 
There were many candidates— Thomas D. Arm- 
strong, Benjamin F. Lee, Nehemiah Perry, Theo- 
dore Runyon, Joseph D. Bedle, Leon Abbett, Gen- 
eral Charles Haight, David Naar, Austin H. Pat- 
terson, and Isaac V. Dickinson. 

Once more State issues occupied the attention 
of the platform builders. The party pointed to 
its record in New Jersey. It had, said the plat- 
form, urged the adoption of general laws, under 
which there would be no further "enterprises 
born of special legislation and maintained by cor- 
ruption." An honest judiciary had been main- 
tained, State and constitutional rights had been 
guaranteed, the sinking fund had been increased, 
riparian laws had been enforced, and three hun- 
dred thousand dollars had been collected from the 
federal government since the recent governor had 
proclaimed that the accounts between the State 
of New Jersey and the United States had been 
substantially settled. 

Upon federal questions the Democratic party 
declared for a prompt and complete amnesty of 
all persons charged with political offenses, and 
a tariff based upon the principle of taxing lux- 
uries, and the abolishment of taxes upon the ne- 
cessities of life. All conspiracies against law and 
good order, North and South, were denounced, 
while the government of the United States was 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



171 



declared to be a ''government of limited powers," 
prescribed and enumerated in the federal consti- 
tution, and not a "supreme, unlimited, imperial, 
consolidated" government. Legislative commis- 
sions for the regulation and government of munici- 
pal corporations were declared to be ''hostile to 
the principles of self-government," while recent 
legislation prohibiting the use of money at elec- 
tions was commended to the attention of the Dem- 
ocrats in townships throughout the State. 

In spite of success in 1871 the Democrats were 
unable in 1872 to overcome Ulysses S. Grant's re- 
markable majority of 15,200 over Horace Greeley, 
Democratic nominee for President of the United 
States. The State of New Jersey for the first 
time, in 1872, cast its entire electoral vote for a 
Republican candidate. Grant's vote was 91,656, 
the vote of Greeley being 76,456. 

1874: Republica7i.— The gubernatorial contest 
of 1874 was distinctively upon local affairs. The 
Republican State platform declared its faith in the 
policy of the national administration. Upon 
national issues the platform advocated a tariff and 
a plan of equal internal taxation such as would 
protect and encourage the domestic manufactures 
and industrial interests of New Jersey. The es- 
tablishment of a custom house in Jersey City was 
also favored. In special instances the Rep>ub- 
licans commended, and stated they would piirsue, 




U. S. Gl^..V.N 1 

(Eighteenth President of the United Stales ; 
6. April 27. 1822; d. July 2:i. 1S«:V. 



172 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

the policy of a general railroad system, the judi- 
cious amendment of the constitution, the advance- 
ment of the cause of popular education, and the 
wise management and liberal extension of penal, 
sanitary, and charitable institutions. 

George A. Halsey was nominated for governor 
by acclamation. 

1874: Democratic— Joseiph D. Bedle was the 
unanimous choice of the Democratic party in its 
State convention of 1874, although scattering 
votes upon the first and only ballot were cast for 
Charles Haight and John T. Bird. 

The Democratic platform presented no novel or 
characteristic features in its treatment of national 
issues. Strict construction of the federal consti- 
tution, condemnation of "carpet bagging" in the 
'* reconstructed " States, the restoration of gold 
and silver as the ''only true basis of the currency 
of the country," the advocacy of resumption of 
specie payment, the adoption of a " tariff for reve- 
nue, ' ' and opposition to the ' * Civil Rights ' ' bill 
were the subjects under review. The platform de- 
nounced the Republican policy of attempting to 
subject the ''free press of the country to a new 
censorship" and condemned the doctrine of a 
"third term" for any presidential candidate. 

Once more in State issues the Democratic party 
opposed government of municipalities by legisla- 
tive commissions, and advocated a system of gen- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 173 

eral laws, wliile tke "assumption by the Repub- 
lican convention of credit for the passage of the 
general railroad law is as impudent as it is false, 
this measure * * * having been originated 
and sustained in both branches of the Legislature 
by distinguished Democrats." The "store-order 
system" and the illegal issue of paper promises 
in forced payment of wages were declared to be an 
"unjustifiable imposition upon the laboring man." 
The Eepublicans were charged with falsely as- 
serting that they saved the Union and abolished 
slavery, ' * when but for the Democracy of the coun- 
try, and its men and means, every Republican ad- 
ministration would have miserably failed." 
Against the Republican administration were 
charged fraud, "hard times," the burden of a vast 
public debt, a failure to make the flag of the 
United States respected abroad, leniency in pun- 
ishing dishonest officials, the use of military pow- 
er, "carpet bagging," and wholesale robberies in 
the administration of affairs in the District of Co- 
lumbia. The Republicans, said the platform, had 
been enabled to continue their career "by compla- 
cent assumptions of superior patriotism, integ- 
rity, and intelligence." 

Bedle received 97,283 votes, Halsey 84,050, giv- 
ing a Democratic majority of 3,233. 

Two years subsequently, in the memorable con- 
test of 1876, the State of New Jersey gave 115,962 



174 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




SAMUEL J. TDLDKN. 



votes to Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic candi- 
date for President of the United States. His op- 
ponent was Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, who 
received 103,517 votes. Tilden 's majority was 
12,445. 

1877: Republican.— But one ballot was required 
in the Republican gubernatorial convention of 
1877 to decide upon William A. Newell as the 
party nominee. The other candidates were Fred- 
.erick A. Potts, William Walter Phelps, Gardner 
Colby, Thomas N. McCarter, John Hill, and 
eral Judson Kilpatrick. 

The platform reaffirmed the national platform 
in its cardinal doctrines that the United States 
was not a league, that all citizens should equally 
enjoy civil, political, and public rights, endorsed 
civil service reform, with due regard to represent- 
ing the party in power, advocated such a tariff 
for revenue as would promote the interests of la- 
bor, opposed the granting of the public domain to 
corporations, and embraced a general endorsement 
of the federal administration. 

The Democratic party was accused of nominat- 
ing for governor one unidentified with the State or 
its interests, one who had twice in the past two 
years been a candidate for office in another State. 
The Democrats were charged with nine years of 
extravagance in administering State affairs. The 
reforms demanded by the Republicans were the 



ONY AND AS A S TATE I75 

simplification and reduction of official powers and 
perquisites, a reduction of fees, particularly those 
of the clerk of the Supreme Court, the clerk in 
chancery, and the secretary of state, a revision of 
the tax laws, a reduction of the rate of interest 
from seven to six per cent., and an enforcement 
of the constitutional provision prohibiting the use 
of the school fund for any sectarian purpose, being 
opposed to the interference of religious sects in 
civil affairs and any division or diversion of the 
school funds for their benefit. 

1877: Democratic— Amid scenes of the wildest 
enthusiasm the Democratic convention of 1877 
nominated General George B. McClellan as their 
candidate for governor of New Jersey. The can- 
didates were numerous, being W. A. Eighter, John 
McGregor, B. F. Carter, Leon Abbett, John T. 
Bird, John P. Stockton, John Hopper, Wright 
Robbins, and Augustus Hardenberg. 

The platform denounced the ''frauds and 
crimes" by which the Democratic candidates for 
President and Vice-President ''are prevented 
from occupying the positions to which they 
were chosen by a decided majority of the popular 
and electoral vote." Special legislation advanc- 
ing corporate or individual interest was de- 
nounced, and legislation was recommended by 
which "statistical information relating to the in- 
terests of capital and labor" could be secured. 



176 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




The reduction of the rate of interest to six per 
cent, and the abolition of excessive salaries, fees, 
and costs in litigation was recommended. 

In the contest McClellan received 97,837 votes, 
Newell 85,094. Hoxsey, the Greenback candidate 
for governor, had 5,069, and Bingham, Tax and 
Prohibitionist, 1,439 votes, giving a Democratic 
plurality of 12,746. 

1880: Republican.— The Republican convention 
of 1880 nominated by acclamation Frederick A. 
Potts, with a short platform denouncing the 
''tariff for revenue" measures of the Democratic 
party, advocating biennial sessions of the Legis- 
lature, and commending the action of successive 
Republican Legislatures in so reducing State ex- 
penditures that by 1880 no State tax was laid. 

1880: Democratic— The Democratic convention 
of 1880 placed George C. Ludlow in nomination 
upon the fourth ballot, with the following candi- 
dates appearing: Augustus A. Hardenberg, An- 
rew Albright, Orestes Cleveland, George C. Lud- 
f^ow, John T. Bird, W. W. Shippen, John P. Stock- 
ton, and Augustus W. Cutler. 

The platform was short, declaring for such a 
tariff ''as will best preserve our home industries," 
favoring protection for labor, and condemning the 
defalcation of a Republican State treasurer and 
the loss of forty thousand dollars of State money 
deposited in two defunct banks, in which the fund 



Ooorge Craig L>udlow, gov-emor of Now Jorxey 
1S81-84 ; b. MUford, Hunterdon County. April C, 1830*; 
grad. Rutgers CoUego 1850; admitted to the bar 85S: 
practiced in New Brunswick; State senator 1Hl»; 
member constitutional convention 1894 ; justice of the 
Supreme Court of New Jersey 1896 ; d. Dec.. 190ft. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 177 

had been deposited by a Republican State treas- 
urer at liis own discretion. 

The vote for Ludlow was 121,666, for Potts 
121,015. Hoxsey, the Greenback candidate, re- 
ceived 2,759, and Ransom, Prohibitionist, 195 
votes. The Democratic plurality was 651. 

The presidential election of 1880 gave Winfield 
Scott Hancock a majority in New Jersey of 2,010, 
his total vote ]>eing 122,565. The vote of James 
A. Garfield, his Republican opponent, was 120,555. 

1883: Republican.— The Republican convention 
in 1883 had before it the names of Jonathan Dixon, 
John Hill, Israel S. Adams, and Frederick A. 
Potts. Associate Supreme Court Justice Dixon 
was nominated upon the first ballot. 

A brief platform endorsed the national Repub- 
lican administration, "genuine civil service re- 
form," "protection to home labor and industry," 
development of State and national resources, pro- 
tection of "honest labor from unfair compe- 
tition," equal taxation, the control of oppressive 
monopolies, and the "adequate protection and 
further developrhent of our fisheries." 

1883: Democratic— There were nine candidates 
before the Democratic convention of 1883: Leon 
Abbett (who secured the nomination), Andrew Al- 
bright, Jonathan S. Whitaker, Charles E. Hen- 
drickson, Augustus W. Cutler, Clayton Black, 
Augustus A. Hardenberg, and Lewis Cochrane. 

[Vol. 4] 




ITS NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

The name of Cliaiicellor Runyon was also pre- 
sented, but withdrawn. 

The party platform declared for proper sover- 
eignty of the States, and. with the usual charges 
against the opposition, denounced the ''sham 
methods of the Civil Service Commission." The 
aboKtion of internal revenue taxes, "a nursery of 
spoils and informers." was recommended, and the 
preservation of public lands for settlers was urged. 
An anti-monopoly tariff for revenue was advo- 
cated, as was equal taxation ''on all properties 
within the State, whether that of individuals or 
corporations." 

Abbett secured 103.856 and Dixon 97.047 votes. 
Umer, the ''National" candidate, had 2.960, and 
Parsons, Prohibitionist, 4,153 votes. The Demo- 
cratic plurality was 6,809. 

The following year (1884) Grover Cleveland, 
Democratic nominee for President received 127,- 
784 votes, and James G. Blaine, his opponent, 
123,433. Cleveland's majority was 4,351. 



JAMB8 6. BLAINE. 



CHAPTER XII 

A State Battlz of Balixtts— 1&86-1902 



THE delegates to the Eepnblican con- 
vention of 1886 selected a= the 
party's candidate Benjamin F. 
Howev, the names of Frederick A. 
Potts. John Hart Brewer, and Gard- 
ner Ft. Colby being also presented as nominees. 
But one ballot was required to select Mr. Howev. 
The platform declared that the Eepnblican 
party had ''ever stood the unflinching champion 
and firm defender of American labor against the 
assaults of the Democratic party and its demands 
for free trade, cheap labor, and foreign competi- 
tion." The introduction by monopolies and cor- 
porations ' • of European paupers under contract to 
take the places of .American workingmen'' should 
be presented by stringent legislation. "Inflexibly 
hostile to anarchy, socialism, and conmrnnism," 
the platform declared that the Eepnblican party 
''has placed on the statute books of the State most 
of the existing laws" befriending the working- 
man. Arbitration, inspection of factories and 
workshops, regulation of the hours of labor of 
women and children, compulsory education, and 
e^jual taxation were advocated. The platform also 
approved of State and national legislation ''re- 
stricting the manufacture and sale of bogus but- 
ter. "' The national policy concerning the granting 
of pensions to disabled veterans of the Civil '^ar 
was approved. 



182 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

The protection by legislation of fishing interests 
"from the menhaden piracy" was endorsed, while 
the party was pledged to a ''non-partisan judici- 
ary.'* ** Honest money" and the redemption of 
the outstanding trade dollars were advocated, 
while the Democratic interpretation of civil serv- 
ice laws and unjust discrimination in freight rates 
by common carriers were denounced. The sub- 
mission to popular vote of the question of *'the 
regulation, control, or prohibition of the liquor 
traffic" was favored. 

1886: Democratic— The Democratic convention 
of 1886 had a long array of candidates. The choice 
of the bodj^ upon the first ballot fell upon Robert 
S. Green, although there had been placed in nomi- 
nation Rufus Blodgett, Augustus W. Cutler, 
John McGregor, John W. Westcott, Charles E. 
Hendrickson, Andrew Albright, John Hopper, 
David C. Dodd, and John T. Bird. 

The platform strongly endorsed the administra- 
tion of Governor Leon Abbett, especially as to 
legislation affecting the State treasury, and the 
adoption of a portion of a general system of taxa- 
tion of corporations to save the people from the 
imposition of a general State tax. His efforts to 
protect labor from convict competition were ap- 
plauded. The resolutions demanded the amend- 
ment of immigration laws to prevent the im- 
portation of convict and pauper labor, while "the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



183 



public lands of the United States should breed 
homesteads, not railroad stock." A fair educa- 
tion, at public expense, for every child was advo- 
cated. Arbitration, legislation favoring the 
farmer, and self-government for Ireland were 
also recommended. Regarding the priority of 
claim in introducing legislation providing for 
equal taxation the platform stated that Governor 
Abbett, in his inaugural message and in each of 
his annual messages, had demanded that property 
should be assessed by uniform rules and an equal 
rate of taxation imposed upon corporations as 
upon individuals. A Democratic measure of 1884 
had passed the House of Assembly, being amended 
in the Senate, in favor of taxation of railroad and 
canal corporations, while bills providing for equal 
taxation introduced in Republican Legislatures of 
1885 and 1886 had been defeated. 

Green with 109,939 overcame Howey with 101,- 
919 votes and Fiske, Prohibitionist, with 19,808— 
the largest Prohibition vote ever cast in the State. 
The Democratic plurality was 8,020. 

1SS9 : Republican.— Y^dv^ard Burd Grubb was 
the choice of the Republican party in its conven- 
tion of 1889. During two ballots the delegates 
had voted for General Grubb, Frank A. Magowan, 
George A. Halsey, John Kean, Jr., John Hart 
Brewer, and John W. Griggs. 

The campaign was one of State issues, the plat- 




KOBKRT STOCKTON GREE>f. 



Robert Stockton Greea, UL.V., b. Princeton, N. J., 
M«rch 25, 1831 ; grad. Princeton College 1850 ; lawyer 
1853 ; settled in Elisabeth 1856 ; presiding judge Union 
County courts 1888; elected to Congress 1884; goT- 
emor of New Jersey l«87-90; vice-chancellor 1S»0; 
judge of the C^urt af Rrrors and Appeals 1894 ; d. 
May ?, 1895. 



184 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

form declaring the Republican party to be pledged 
to local self-government in township, city, and 
county, which policy, said the Republicans, had 
been ''flagrantly violated" by the Democratic 
Legislature of 1889. The Democrats were severe- 
ly arraigned, and were charged with being ''par- 
tisan, arrogant, and profligate," enacting laws re- 
districting the State, creating new charters for 
municipalities, and establishing new offices "only 
after deals and promises of appointment made be- 
tween the legislative and executive branches of the 
State government. ' ' The Republicans favored stat- 
utes reforming the election laws, ' ' to prevent fraud 
and false registration, and for the purpose of es- 
tablishing the Australian or other like system of 
voting." The "reorganization and simplification 
of the courts of civil procedure of the State" was 
promised, while the compulsory education law, 
passed by a Republican Legislature, was designed 
to be extended to provide proper school facilities 
for children between the ages of eight and four- 
teen years. The Republicans claimed priority in 
the enactment of the child labor law, and criti- 
cised as "an insult to united labor" the course of 
the Democratic party in making partisan the labor 
bureau. Reasonable hours of labor and a "defi- 
nite portion of each week for recreation" were 
promised the labor interests, while the law of 1884, 
regulating the taxation of corporate property and 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



185 



franchises for State purposes, had met public ap- 
proval. Such legislation the Republicans claimed 
to have enacted. A demand for economy in State 
expenditures was made, while the platform re- 
sented ' * the intinision of the liquor power, as an or- 
ganized force, into the politics of the State," the 
Republican party, as stated, standing ''for purity, 
for temperance, and the preservation of the 
home. ' ' 

1889: Democratic— B J acclamation Leon Ab- 
bett was nominated by the Democratic convention 
of 1889. 

In brief the platform adopted by the party in 
1886 was reaffirmed, the only essential elements 
worthy of special mention being the first declara- 
tion in this State against ' ' trusts, ' ' which the plat- 
form defined as ''combinations to control prices 
without regard to the natural rules of supply and 
demand." The "attempt made by Republican 
leaders of the Legislature of 1889 to impose a gen- 
eral State tax, as tending to extravagance in State 
affairs, ' ' was denounced, and it was declared that 
"the undercurrent of the movement was a desire 
to relieve corporate property from the payment 
of its fair proportion of taxation." 

Regarding education the platform declared: 
"It is the duty of the State to see that every child 
receives a fair education, and is protected from 
employment in pursuits calculated to injure the 




LEON ABBETT. 



Leon Abbett, 6. Philadelphia, Pa., Oct 8, 183r,; 
lawyer 1868 ; settled in Hoboken, N. J.. 1869 ; moved 
to Jersey City 1866 ; member Legislature 1865-66 anil 
1868-70; speaker of the House 1869-70; State senator 
tS74-77 ; governor of New Jersey 1884-87 and 1890-lt» ; 
4. Dec. <, 1894. 



186 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

physical or mental value of future citizenship.'* 
Reforms regarding increase in municipal expen- 
ditures and a secret ballot were advocated. 

Abbett's vote was 138,245, Grubb's 123,992, La 
Monte 's, Prohibitionist, 6,853. The Democratic 
plurality was 14,253. 

During the previous year (1888) Grover Cleve- 
land, with 151,493 votes, had secured a plurality 
in the State of 7,149 as Democratic candidate for 
the office of President of the United States. His 
opponent, Benjamin Harrison, received 144,344 
votes, while Fiske, who in 1886 ran for governor 
of New Jersey, had 7,904 votes. 

1892: Republican.— Two ballots and four nomi- 
nees—John Kean, Jr., Edward Burd Grubb, Frank 
A. Magowan, and Franklin Murphy— character- 
ized the nominating features of the Republican 
convention of 1892, which selected John Kean, 
Jr., as its candidate. 

In national matters the platform endorsed its 
belief ''in the doctrine of a tariff for the protec- 
tion of American industry, supplemented by re- 
ciprocity, inaugurated under the present adminis- 
tration by the McKinley tariff act, and we are op- 
posed to the pernicious doctrine of free trade, 
whether presented in its own true name or dis- 
guised as tariff reform.'* 

The policy of the Democrats in legalizing "an 
unconstitutional and pernicious combination of 



ONY AND AS A STATE 187 

corporations engaged in the production and carry- 
ing of coal" was declared to be "vicious and con- 
trary to public policy. ' ' Arbitration, reduction in 
the hours of labor, tenement house and factory in- 
spection, and the restoring of the proceeds of the . 
sale of riparian lands to the State school fund were 
advocated. 

The Democracy of New Jersey were charged 
with legislation making the Legislature and courts 
subservient to the executive department; with 
abolishing home rule; with multiplying public 
offices and increasing salaries ; with the ' ' appoint- 
ment of public officers for a stated consideration to 
be paid to the party campaign fund"; witl^ par- 
doning, indiscriminately, convicts in the State 
prison; with wastefulness in State expenditures; 
with creating "unnecessary boards and commis- 
sions for partisan purposes, investing them with 
arbitrary powers, and placing them beyond the 
control of the people by making their term of office 
subject to the will of the governor"; with evading 
and misconstruing the constitution; with counte- 
nancing and supporting "race track gambling, 
with all its attendant evils"; and with destroying 
"the right of suffrage by false registry, ballot-box 
stuffing, and fraudulent count of votes. ' ' 

1892 : Democratic— But one ballot was required 
to nominate George T. Werts in the Democratic 
convention of 1892. The remaining candidates 



188 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

were E. F. C. Young, Augustus W. Cutler, and 
Richard A. Donnelly. 

The platform stated that in response to Repub- 
lican allegations of wastefulness it could be 
proved that the salaries of the new officers created 
in the State during Governor Abbett's administra- 
tion had been less than fifteen thousand dollars, 
and that the expenses of the departments of bank- 
ing and insurance and commission of electric sub- 
ways had been legitimately paid by the corpora- 
tions interested. No State tax had been levied, 
and in three years a State floating debt of four 
hundred thousand dollars had been entirely paid. 
Over two hundred and fifty thousand dollars had 
been expended for the improvement of public 
buildings and in the purchase of the military camp 
ground at Sea Girt. The platform further pre- 
sented a long list of statutes of a beneficial char- 
acter passed by Democratic Legislatures and ap- 
proved by Governor Abbett. These embraced acts 
securing beyond the reach of fraud the payment of 
wages to mechanics and others engaged in the 
erection of buildings, an act creating sixty free 
scholarships in the State Agricultural College, and 
acts establishing free public libraries and reading 
rooms in cities and towns. There was an act giv- 
ing silk workers a lien for wages due for work per- 
formed and materials furnished, a Saturday half- 
holiday act, an extension of the mechanics' Hen 



ONY AND AS A STATE 189 

law, an act prohibiting corporations from forc- 
ing their employees to contribute to relief funds, 
statutes creating a State board of arbitration, and 
a commissioner of mines, insuring the secrecy of 
the ballot, and incorporating trades unions, all 
of which were passed between 1889 and 1892. The 
creation of the boards of public works governing 
cities of the first and second classes was a part of 
Democratic legislation of the period. 

Mr. Werts secured a plurality of 7,625, all can- 
didates receiving the following votes : "Werts, 167,- 
257; Kean, 159,362; Kennedy, Prohibitionist, 
7,750; Keim, Socialistic Labor, 1,338; Bird, Peo- 
ple's, 894. 

The presidential election which occurred in this 
year gave Grover Cleveland, Democratic candidate 
for the presidency, his largest plurality during his 
three contests for the office, being 14,965. His 
total vote was 171,066, that of his Eepublican op- 
ponent, Benjamin Harrison, being 156,101. Bid- 
well, Prohibitionist, received 8,134 votes; Wing, 
Socialistic Labor, 1,337; and Weaver, People's, 
985 votes. 

1895: Republican.— Three ballots were required 
in the Republican gubernatorial convention of 
1895 before the convention chose John W. Griggs 
as its candidate for governor. Votes of the dele- 
gates had been cast for these nominees: John 
Kean, Jr., Foster M. Voorhees, Maurice A. Rogers, 



190 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Elias S. Ward, John J. Gardner, and John J. Tof- 
fey. 

The platform upon national issues declared the 
Republican party to be opposed "to any attempt 
to impose upon this country a debased or depre- 
ciated currency," and a firm belief in the wisdom 
**of a tax on imports which will afford protection 
to American industry and adequate revenue." 
The Republican party, said the platform, in the 
triumph of that political organization in State 
elections had removed from the statute books 
laws "under which the most infamous form of 
racetrack gambling had brought ignominy to the 
State," the "gerrymandering scheme" had been 
defeated in the courts, the State institutions had 
been "delivered" from the "domination of boards 
appointed solely for partisan purposes and re- 
stored to public usefulness by the establishment 
of non-political boards for their control," home 
rule had been assured "to the people of the sev- 
eral counties," while an exposure had been made 
of abuses connected with the State treasury. 

The Republicans pledged themselves to oppose 
any attempt to impose a State tax, or any attempt 
"to impair or divert from its proper use the fund 
for the support of the free public schools." The 
"abolition of unnecessary offices and the reduc- 
tion of official salaries" were also assured. The 



ONY AND AS A STATE 191 

Republican platform further presented this para- 
graph to the consideration of voters : 

The redemption of the State, committed to our hands, is not yet 
complete. It will not be complete so long as there remains a 
reform to be effected, a wrong to be righted, an enemy of good 
government to be defeated and overthrown. 

1895: Democratic— The Democratic State con- 
vention of 1895 selected on the first ballot Alex- 
ander T. McGill as its gubernatorial candidate, 
although the names of Philip P. Baker and Augus- 
tus W. Cutler had been presented in nomination. 

The platform declared that it was the intention 
of the national administration to protect the 
people of this country from the debasement of the 
national currency. Industrial depression was 
"chargeable to the national legislation enacted by 
the Republican party. The purchase of silver to 
be stored in the treasury and the enactment of un- 
just tariff laws, to enrich a few favorites by the op- 
pression of millions of consumers, were the main 
causes of paralyzation of our markets." 

Regarding the charges that the Democratic 
party had been dishonest or extravagant the plat- 
form stated that the Senate investigation of 1895, 
"costing thousands of dollars," had reported that 
in the purchase of State supplies "there had been 
extravagance or malfeasance on the part of two 
or three State employees." The fact that the State 
was without debt, that millions of dollars had 



192 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

been spent in the past twelve years in the improve- 
ment of State institutions, and that no State tax 
had been levied was a "sufficient answer to the 
charge of extravagance." No dishonest Demo- 
cratic official, intrusted with the administration of 
the law, had been protected from prosecution and 
punishment, while under a Democratic governor 
the State's credit during twenty-five years had 
given New Jersey * ' a deserved fame. ' ' 

The Democratic party favored the * ' adoption of 
a constitutional amendment that will render im- 
possible any law for the legislation of gambling 
in any form." "Trickery and deceit," said the 
platform, had characterized the course of the Re- 
publicans upon the subject of legalizing betting 
upon horse races. Every bet made upon horse 
races in New Jersey during fourteen years had 
been made "under the protection of Chapter one 
hundred and forty-seven of the Laws of 1880, en- 
acted by a Republican Senate and House. ' ' 

A " plank " favored equal taxation in amend- 
ing the tax laws so as to embrace all property 
"not used for religious, charitable, or educational 
purposes. ' ' 

The platform also declared against the control 
of potable waters of the State by industrial cor- 
porations, the instance of Jersey City being cited, 
where, it was said, "the choice that is now pre- 
sented to that city of bankruptcy or depopulation, 



ONY AND AS A STATE 193 

of buying water by the gallon, or receiving a sup- 
ply from polluted streams, will within a few 
years be presented to every populous municipality 
in New Jersey." In support of this view the atti- 
tude taken upon this subject by Governor Lud- 
low in his annual message to the Legislature of 
1882 was cited. 

The Republican Legislature of 1895 was con- 
demned for its course, ''which ridiculed every re- 
quest made for legislation in the interest of or- 
ganized labor, and repealed laws passed by Demo- 
cratic Legislatures for the protection of the wage 
workers of New Jersey." This Republican Legis- 
lature was also accused by the Democrats "with 
attempting to drag the judiciary into the field of 
politics." 

By the largest plurality ever received by any 
governor of New Jersey John W. Griggs was 
elected. His vote was 162,900, his plurality being 
26,900. McGill, Democrat, secured 136,000 votes. 
Wilbur obtained a normal prohibition vote of 
6,631. Ellis, the candidate of the People's party, 
had 1,901, and Keim, Socialistic Labor, obtained 
4,147 votes. 

Upon February 1, 1898, Governor Griggs retired 
from the governorship to accept the position of at- 
torney-general of the United States. His succes- 
sor was Foster M. Voorhees, president of the Sen- 
ate. 

[Vol. 4] 



194 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

For the first time in the history of the State, 
since the election of President Grant in 1872, New 
Jersey in 1896 gave its popular vote to William 
McKinley, of Ohio, and Garret A. Hobart, of New 
Jersey, Republican candidates for President and 
Vice-President of the United States. McKinley 
had the unprecedented plurality of 87,692, with 
221,367 votes cast for him. William J. Bryan, his 
Democratic opponent, received 133,675 votes. Pal- 
mer, the National Democrat or '"Sound money" 
candidate, received 6,373 votes. Levering, Prohi- 
bitionist, obtained 5,614, and Matchett, Socialistic 
Labor, secured 3,985 votes. 

1898: Republican.— The Republican convention 
of 1898 selected as its nominee Foster M. Voor- 
hees, the choice being made by acclamation. 

The platform declared ''undying opposition to 
any proposition to debase the national currency," 
while the war policy of President McKinley was 
heartily commended, as well as the course of New 
Jersey ^s representatives in the national Legisla- 
ture, and the administration of Governor Griggs 
and of Acting Governor Voorhees. The special 
revenue law, as a "necessary measure," said the 
platform, should be repealed as soon as the re- 
duced expenses of the national government justi- 
fied such a course ; the annexation of the Hawaiian 
Islands and the construction of the Nicaragua 
Canal being also recommended. 



IH ILi VV <J Hiis.,'-' 1^^ X ^-1^ 




2 'l,ob7 votes cast for him. ^'gJJui^-^.gg^a?:! ^.^ 

mer, the National Democrat or ''"feound moD 
candidate, received 6,373 votes. Levering, Pr 
bitionist, obtained 5,614, and Matchett, Social 
Labor, se "• votes. 



f-eDcy," 
v^nae ■ .-^y was 

hearti; ..,.■. of New 

Jerse;; tional Legisla 

tnre, and the administration of Governor GriggF 
and of Acting Governor Voorhees. The specia 
revenue law» as a "necessary measure,'* said tb 
platform, ' ' -1 be repealed as soon as the r^ 
duced ex] f the national government ju^t 

fied such f- .<-. annexation of the Hawaii au 

Islands and Tistrnction of the Nicaragua 

Canal being ommended. 




'^^^z^-'-^^-^^^ c3^^^-^^^3^^-"^^ 



(From an engraving by H. B. Hall's Sons.) 



ONY AND AS A STATE 195 

The platform proudly pointed to the party rec- 
ord under the claim that the Republicans had 
abolished legislation favoring racetracks, and had 
advocated a constitutional amendment "prohibit- 
ing the reenactment of such laws." Partisanship 
had been abolished from State institutions and in 
the State offices, and in the offices of the large 
counties ''reasonable salaries" had supplanted 
the fee system. The platform also contended that 
the Republican party had ' ' doubled the annual ap- 
propriation for the support of our free school sys- 
tem, ' ' while relief had come to the taxpayers of the 
several counties ''by distributing amongst them 
annually more than two hundred thousand dol- 
lars of the tax received by the State from railroad 
corporations." Appropriations for good roads, 
said the platform, had been increased, and lib- 
eral appropriations had been made for the support 
and proper care of the insane. The public debt 
had been reduced by the payment of over five hun- 
dred thousand dollars, while in the construction 
and extension of State institutions over one mil- 
lion dollars had been expended. The party had 
"codified and condensed many of the cumber- 
some and complex State statutes," and a con- 
tinuance of a policy of rigid economy, liberal ap- 
propriations for purposes of public necessity and 
welfare, beneficial labor legislation, and for the 



196 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

promotion of the agricultural and industrial in- 
terests of New Jersey were promised. 

1898: Democratic— Elvin W. Crane was the 
choice of the Democratic convention of 1898, upon 
the first ballot. Before the convention the names 
of Richard A. Donnelly, Christian Braun, Howard 
Carrow, William D. Daly, Clarence T. Atkinson, 
James M. Seymour, and Isaac Carmichael were 
presented or voted for. 

The platform charged the existing Republican 
State administration with *' extravagance, cor 
ruption, and misrule," and declared the ''para- 
mount issues" of the gubernatorial contest to be 
"equal taxation, home rule, honest State and mu- 
nicipal government, the abolition of useless and 
expensive State commissions, the reduction of the 
large present expenses of the State government to 
the economical standard maintained for years un- 
der Democratic rule, the reduction of official sala- 
ries, the abolishment of the fee system and the 
placing of all officials upon a salary basis, the en- 
actment of laws in the interest of organized labor 
for the protection of the wage workers of the 
State, the repeal of all laws that abridge the rights 
of juries to fix the amount of damages in cases 
where the death of a person is caused by wrongful 
act, and the release of the administration of State 
affairs from the control of corporations and their 
restoration to the authority of the people." The 



ONY AND AS A STATE 197 

platform, in accordance with precedent, declared 
for equal taxation. 

The Republican party was charged with the cre- 
ation of ''useless and needless State commis- 
sions," with ''gross extravagance in the adminis- 
tration of State affairs," and increasing, by five 
hundred thousand dollars, the expenses of the 
State government. It was added: "Salaries of 
public officials are far in excess of what they 
should be. ' ' The Republicans and the governor of 
that party were charged with neglecting the in- 
terests of labor, while the Democrats pledged 
themselves to "abolish the fee system in all State 
and county offices." 

Unjust discrimination in rates for the transpor- 
tation of freight was condemned, the Republican 
party being charged with too close alliance with 
"trusts and corporations." 

The betterment of public school legislation was 
advocated, New Jersey owing to every child "an 
education unsurpassed by any other State." The 
platform advocated ample and suitable school ac- 
commodation, the establishment of a thorough 
kindergarten system, a compulsory education law, 
and a statute requiring the State treasurer to 
be the custodian of the teachers' retirement 
fund without expense to the fund. The Democrats 
favored the construction of good roads and proper 
State aid therefor. 



198 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Pensions and "suitable provision for additional 
pay" were advocated for the New Jersey volun- 
teers of the Spanish- American War, to whom ' * the 
thanks of the people of the State and nation are 
due." Upon the other hand '^Algerism" and the 
conduct of the war, resulting from the "incompe- 
tency of government officials, ' ' was condemned. 

The platform reaffirmed Democratic devotion 
* * to all the great and vital principles of the Demo- 
cratic party on national issues." A delegate 
moved to add the words: "as enunciated in the 
platform adopted by the Democratic convention in 
Chicago in 1896, ' ' which amendment was lost. 

From February 1, 1898, to October 18, 1898, Fos- 
ter M. Voorhees, by virtue of his office as president 
of the Senate, had been acting governor. Upon 
the occasion of his nomination he resigned the 
presidency of the Senate, and David 0. Watkins, 
speaker of the House of Assembly, became acting 
governor, discharging the duties of the office until 
Governor Voorhees took the oath of office January 
16, 1899. 

The vote of the gubernatorial election of 1898 
stood as follows: Voorhees, 164,051; Crane, 158,- 
552; Landon, Prohibitionist, 6,893; Maguire, So- 
cialistic Labor, 5,458; Schrayshuen, People's, 491; 
giving a Republican plurality of 5,499. 

During the administration of Governor Voor- 
hees, upon the occasion of a visit to Europe, Presi- 



ONY AND AS A STATE I99 

dent of the Senate (later First Assistant Postmas- 
ter-General) William M. Johnson served as acting 
governor from May 21 to June 19, 1900. 

In the presidential election of 1900 William Mc- 
Kinley again swept the State with a plurality of 
56,899. His total vote was 221,707, that of Will- 
iam J. Bryan, Democrat, being 164,808. Woolley, 
Prohibitionist, had 7,183; Debs, Socialistic Demo- 
crat, 4,609; Malloney, Socialistic Labor, 2,074; 
Barker, People's, 669 votes. 

1901 : Republican.— The unanimous choice of the 
convention of 1901 was Franklin Murphy. 

In a platform half the length of the Democratic 
document the Republicans approved the conduct 
of the national administration, specifying expan- 
sion of territory, currency and tariff legislation, 
and the purchase of bonds for cancellation, as 
well as President Roosevelt's efforts to continue 
President McKinley's policy. The Republicans 
also endorsed the administration of Governor Fos- 
ter M. Voorhees, specifying the judicious and con- 
servative use of the public funds, and the reduc- 
tion of local taxes by the application of the State's 
surplus revenues. The Democrats were con- 
demned for incompetence and extravagance when 
in control of the national government, necessitat- 
ing the sale of bonds and increase of the public 
debt, as well as for past corruption, extravagance, 



200 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

and incompetence when in political control of the 
State. 

The platform claimed that existing prosperity 
was due to Republican policies, and challenged 
comparison of the methods and results of Repub- 
lican State administration with the past record of 
the Democratic party. 

1901: Democratic— The names of Democrats 
placed in nomination were those of James M. Sey- 
mour, Thomas N. Ferrell, Howard Carrow, Chris- 
tian Braun, and James E. Martine. Two ballots 
were taken before Mr. Seymour was declared to 
be the choice of the convention. 

The platform of the Democratic party adopted 
in the convention of 1901 presented certain fea- 
tures made familiar by previous presentations. It 
called for abolition of the entire fee system, equal 
taxation and thorough revision of tax laws, the re- 
peal of laws abridging the right of juries to fix the 
amount of damages in cases where the death of a 
person is caused by wrongful act ; a rigid enforce- 
ment of the laws prohibiting child labor; school 
room for all and the adoption of the kindergarten 
system. A rigid economy in government, surplus 
revenues to be applied to reduction of the State 
taxes for school purposes, a rigorous investigation 
of State institutions and the preservation of the 
forests of the State were demanded. In common 
with the Republicans anarchy was scathingly con- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 201 

demned, while both parties deplored the assassina- 
tion of President McKinley. For the fir&t time in 
the history of the State the Democrats publicly de- 
clared in favor of the election of United States 
senators by the people. 

Upon the contention that the issues of the cam- 
paign were distinctively local the Democrats 
claimed that every important legislative enact- 
ment favoring labor was passed by Democrats, 
and that the prosperous condition of the State 
treasury was due to corporation tax laws initiated 
and passed by Democrats. 

The resolution further stated ''that Repub- 
lican legislation is controlled by an irresponsible 
Republican State committee, which in turn is 
ruled by corporations and trusts, and that Repub- 
lican control has been expensive, incompetent, 
and partisan." Upon these grounds the Repub- 
lican party was charged with the following acts of 
omission and commission: that local spring elec- 
tions have been abolished, that cities have been 
deprived of the right to divide the wards in their 
municipalities; that the Supreme Court has been 
used as a reward for party services ; and that the 
efficiency of the National Guard has been impaired 
by disbanding regiments without a public pur- 
pose. Charges were also made against the man- 
agement of State institutions, that the child labor 
laws had not been enforced, that the "expenses 



202 NEW JEKSEY AS A COLONY 

of the State government, not including payments 
on the public debts, have increased over fifty-five 
per cent, since 1893," and that there had been a 
failure to properly advertise proposed amend- 
ments to the State constitution. 

The returns of the election showed the follow- 
ing vote: Murphy, 183,814; Seymour, 166,681; 
Brown, Prohibitionist, 5,365; Vail, Socialist, 3,- 
489; "Wilson, Socialist Labor, 1,918. Murphy's 
plurality was 17,133. 



CHAPTER XIII 
Modern Banks and Banking 



Ooutribated by TtiOHms Hohnei. from his monognph "A Hlakciy of Btjilcing tu 
the United Stktas*' in '*A HUtory of Bftnkinj; ia the Uaited flUt«e " . Brndfofd 
Rhoades muI Company, 19iX). 



THE bank, so far as its vast reaching 
influence is concerned, is distinc- 
tively a modern factor in civiliza- 
tion. Banking in New Jersey, as 
elsewhere, until the passage of the 
national banking act of 1863 was evolutionary. 
From the beginnings of banks in this State, with 
the organization of the Newark Banking and In- 
surance Company, and the Trenton Banking 
Company, until 1850, it was a period of ex- 
perimentation, of alternating success and fail- 
ure, of an abundance of issue of paper money and 
subsequent stringency. Then came the law of 
1850, when the State of New Jersey passed its first 
general banking law, whose effects gave to the 
public a reasonable degree of assurance that the 
institutions were being properly conducted. 

When the national banking act was passed in 
1863 there were twelve State banks with securities 
amounting to $1,748,333 and a circulation of 
$1,633,513. The affairs of eight banks were being 
settled by decrees from the court of chancery. 
Nine, which had obtained charters from the Legis- 
lature, were winding up their business under the 
general banking law. 

It was the Civil War, with its constantly in- 
creasing demands upon the financial resources of 
the country, that showed the value of a bank in 
time of anxiety. Among the institutions of the 



206 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 

State the Trenton Banking Company had weath- 
ered many financial storms, and no period in the 
history of this bank was of greater interest to the 
State of New Jersey or the nation at large than 
that during the Rebellion. The minutes show that 
on April 16, 1861, two days after the bombard- 
ment of Fort Sumter, the directors passed a resolu- 
tion tendering the governor of the State a loan 
of $25,000 for immediate use in equipping troops. 
On September 5, 1862, a loan of $200,000 was made 
to the State for the payment of bounties, while as 
the war proceeded Governor Charles S. Olden, 
who was then a director of the bank, was author- 
ized to use all the money of the institution that 
might be necessary for sending troops to the front. 
The governor did so, with the result that the State, 
at the close of hostilities, owed the bank $600,000. 

Since the passage of the national banking law of 
1863 one of the most notable features of the his- 
tory of banking in New Jersey was the establish- 
ment, in 1891, of a State department of banking 
and insurance. The duties of this department are 
to execute all the laws in force relative to insur- 
ance, banking, savings, trust, guarantee, safe de- 
posit, indemnity, mortgage, investment, and loan 
corporations. 

In 1899 a general revision of the banking laws 
of the State was undertaken. The act provides 
that seven or more persons of full age may become 



ONY AND AS A STATE 207 

a banking corporation. The affairs of every bank 
shall be managed by a board of not less than five 
directors, a majority of whom shall at all times be 
residents of the State of New Jersey. They shall 
be elected annually by the stockholders at their 
annual meeting, and hold office for one year, and 
until their successors are elected and have quali- 
fied. The board of directors of each bank shall 
from time to time appoint from its members an 
examining committee, who shall examine the con- 
dition of the bank at least once every six months, 
or oftener if required by the board. Such com- 
mittee after each examination shall forthwith re- 
port to the board, giving in detail all items in- 
cluded in the assets of the bank which they have 
reason to believe are not of the value stated upon 
the books and records of the bank, and giving the 
value, in their judgment, of each of such items. 
Every bank shall make to the commissioner of 
banking and insurance not less than four reports 
during each year. 

No bank shall make any loan or discount on 
the security or on the shares of its own caj^ital 
stock, or be the purchaser or holder of any such 
shares, unless such security or purchase shall be 
necessary to prevent loss upon a debt previously 
contracted in good faith. The stock so purchased 
or acquired, within one year from the time of its 
purchase, shall be sold or disposed of at public or 



208 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 

private sale. The total liabilities to any bank of 
any person or of any company, corporation, or 
firm, for money borrowed, including in the liabili- 
ties of a company or firm the liabilities of the sev- 
eral members thereof, shall at no time exceed ten 
per cent, of the aggregate amount of the capital 
stock of such bank actually paid in, and of the 
permanent surplus fund of such bank. Every bank 
shall at all times have on hand in available funds 
an amount equal at least to fifteen per cent, of 
all its immediate liabilities; three-fifths of this 
amount may consist of balances due to the bank 
from good, solvent banks or trust companies, and 
two-fifths of such sum shall be held in reserve in 
cash on hand. It is lawful for any bank, under 
the provisions of this act, to issue as money, or 
put in circulation as money, any bills or notes. 

Whenever any bank shall become insolvent, or 
shall suspend its ordinary business for want of 
funds to carry on the same, the attorney-general 
or any creditor or stockholder may, by petition or 
bill of complaint setting forth the facts and cir- 
cumstances of the case, apply to the court of 
chancery for a writ of injunction and the appoint- 
ment of a receiver or receivers or trustees. 

The first savings bank established in New Jer- 
sey was chartered by the Legislature in 1828. It 
was the Newark Savings Fund Association, of 
which Luther Goble was president. In the twenty- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 209 

years following several charters were granted for 
savings banks, but only a small percentage of 
them actually commenced business. Of these 
early incorporations one of the most notable was 
the Trenton Saving Fund Society, incorporated in 
1844. 

Although the savings banks were required to 
make reports to the Legislature there was the 
same neglect as in the case of State banks, and it 
was not until 1869 that the State authorities were 
able to compile satisfactory statistics showing the 
number of savings banks in the State and their re- 
sources. 

In 1864 there were nine savings banks, which by 
the close of the period of inflation had increased to 
forty-two. In the growth of industrialism the va- 
rious ** dime " savings institutions appeared, and 
while their subsequent history was filled with vi- 
cissitudes there was on deposit in the savings 
banks of New Jersey in 1874 nearly thirty-one mil- 
lion dollars, which in ten years had increased from 
three million six hundred thousand dollars. Fol- 
lowing the " hard times " and the panic of 1873 the 
deposits of the State, in 1879, reached the lowest 
ebb of fifteen million dollars. A revival of busi- 
ness in 1880 brought money to the savings banks, 
and in two years the deposits had increased more 
than ten million dollars. 

It was not until 1876 that a general law govern- 

[Vol. 4] 



210 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

ing savings banks was enacted in New Jersey, and 
it has operated so satisfactorily that it has not 
been materially amended. 

The law requires that no savings bank shall be 
established without a certificate of authority from 
the commissioner of banking and insurance. The 
certificate is issued only when the commissioner 
has been assured that there is need of a bank in 
the locality where it is proposed to establish it, 
that it will be liberally patronized, and that the 
persons applying for the certificate are of good 
character and financially responsible. A majority 
of the managers must reside in the county where 
the bank is located and be freeholders in the State. 
No manager can have any interest, directly or indi- 
rectly, in the gains or profits of the bank except 
as a depositor, or borrow any of its funds, or be- 
come an indorser, surety, or obligor, in any man- 
ner for money loaned by or borrowed from the 
bank. The rate of interest and of dividends is 
regulated by the managers, so that the depositors 
receive all the profits of the institution, after de- 
ducting necessary expenses and reserving a cer- 
tain sum as a surplus fund, which, to the amount 
of fifteen per cent, of the deposits, the managers 
are authorized to gradually accumulate and to 
hold to meet any contingency or loss by depre- 
ciation of securities or otherwise. 

Investments are restricted to bonds of the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 211 

United States, the State of New Jersey, and the 
cities, counties, etc., therein ; bonds of other States 
in the United States, or of any city or county there- 
in, whose net indebtedness is limited by law to 
ten per cent, of the assessed valuation of the prop- 
erty therein ; and first mortgage bonds of railroad 
companies that have paid dividends regularly on 
their capital stock for the five years preceding, or 
the consolidated mortgage bonds issued by any 
such company to retire its entire bonded debt. 

Loans on personal security can not be made ex- 
cept upon the additional pledge of specified col- 
laterals having a market value margin of twenty 
per cent. Not more than fifteen per cent, of the 
deposits can be so loaned. Mortgage loans may 
be made, up to eighty per cent, of the deposits, on 
real estate in New Jersey worth fifty per cent, 
more than the amount loaned thereon, but if the 
real estate is unimproved or unproductive the 
margin of value must be seventy per cent. The 
managers are required to invest the moneys de- 
posited as soon as practicable after their receipt, 
except that for the meeting of current payments 
in excess of the receipts they may keep an avail- 
able fund of not exceeding ten per cent, of the de- 
posits, either on hand or deposited on call in desig- 
nated banks or trust companies, or loaned on de- 
mand on specified collaterals. The aggregate de- 
posits of any corporation or individual is limited 



212 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

to five thousand dollars, exclusive of accrued in- 
terest, unless made prior to 1876 or by order of a 
court of record or surrogate. 

The institutions must be examined once in two 
years, and oftener if deemed expedient by the 
commissioner of banking and insurance. Reports 
of conition on January 1st and transactions for 
the year must be filed annually, within one month 
from said date, under penalty of two hundred dol- 
lars for each day's delay, for which the managers 
are personally liable. Savings banks having no 
capital stock are taxed upon all their property and 
valuable assets, but the depositors are exempt 
from taxation on their personal estate to the 
amount of their deposits. 

In addition to the savings banks there are twen- 
ty-five trust companies in operation in the State 
of New Jersey. 



CHAPTER XIV 
Nkw Jebsbt in the SPAifisH- American War. 

Prom tU report ol William 6. Btrykar, fcJi.iUnt^ge«erml of th« Btete of New Jw««y 
ai the vear ending Ocjt.ober SI, 1898. 



THE passage by Congres5 upon April 
22, 1898, of an act to increase the 
military force of the United States, 
which, act is commonly known as 
the '^ HnU BilL'^ was the first offl- 
eial movement toward calling ont a force of volnn- 
teers for service in the war with Spain. The "na- 
tional forces '■ ^ were declared to consist of all able- 
bodied male citizens of the United States, and per- 
sons of foreign birth who had declared their inr 
tention to become citizens of the United States, 
between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. 
Under the provisions of the "HnU Bill" "the 
organized and active land forces of the United 
States shall consist of the army of the United 
States and of the militia of the several States 
when called into the service of the United States," 
it being provided that in time of war the army 
*• shall consist of two branches, which shall ':e 
designated- respectively, as the Eegnlar Army and 
the Volnnteer Army of the United States." in 
which latter branch, the term of enlistment shall 
be two years. 

The regnlar army is the permanent military es- 
tablishment, which is maintained both in peace 
and war according to law. 

The joint resolutions of Congress approved April 
20, 1S9S, recognized the independency of Cnba, de- 
manded that Spain relinqnish. its anthority and 



216 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

government in tkat island, withdraw its land and 
naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and di- 
rected the President of the United States to use 
the land and naval forces of the republic to carry 
the resolutions into effect. Based upon these 
resolutions and the power conferred by the "Hull 
Bill," President McKinley on the 23d of April, 
1898, issued a proclamation calling for one hun- 
dred and twenty-five thousand volunteers, while 
upon the 25th of April Congress declared, by act, 
that war existed "between the United States of 
America and the Kingdom of Spain," which war 
had then existed for a space of four days. 

Upon the 25th of April Secretary of War R A. 
Alger instructed Governor Foster M. Voorhees 
that New Jersey's quota of the call for one hun- 
dred and twenty-five thousand volunteers would 
be three regiments of infantry, to serve for a pe- 
riod of two years. The rendezous of the State 
was Jersey City. 

The following day a conference of the military 
authorities of the State was held in the executive 
chambers at Trenton, the governor being present, 
and the next morning an order was issued for 
the calling out of three regiments of the National 
Guard as the quota of New Jersey under the first 
call for troops. 

From the office of Adjutant-General William S. 
Stryker, upon April 27th, general orders were is- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 217 



sued, each regiment to be organized into three 
battalions of four companies each. The regiments 
detailed for duty were the First, Second, and 
Third Regiments, and Companies A, C, and G, 
Sixth Regiment, and Company E, Seventh Regi- 
ment (the companies so named to constitute a bat- 
talion of the Third Regiment), National Guard. 
The State camp at Sea Girt was designated as the 
place for rendezvous, which camp on April 28th 
was constituted a military post under the com- 
mand of Major-General Joseph W. Plume, Gov- 
ernor Voorhees having assumed the responsibility 
of changing the place of rendezvous from Jersey 
City to Sea Girt, which move was made in absence 
of ' ' instructions to the contrary ' ' from the depart- 
ment of war. 

Upon April 30th Assistant Adjutant-General 
Alexander C. Oliphant, then inspector, staff of 
division, National Guard, under special orders was 
directed to report to the governor as commander- 
in-chief for temporary duty on his personal staff. 

So rapidly did the National Guard of New Jer- 
sey mobilize that on Monday afternoon, May 2d, 
at one o 'clock. Companies A, C, and G, Sixth Regi- 
ment, and Company E, Seventh Regiment, Nation- 
al Guard, all of which organizations were to be 
attached to the Third Regiment, marched into 
camp. At three o'clock the First Regiment, head- 
quarters Newark, and the Third Regiment head- 




218 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

quarters Elizabeth, arrived at Sea Girt. At four 
o'clock the same afternoon the Second Regiment, 
headquarters Paterson, reported in camp, and 
twenty-five minutes thereafter Major-General 
Plume had the camp colors hoisted and Camp 
Voorhees was formally established. 

Captain William C. Buttler, Third Infantry, 
United States Army, the mustering officer of the 
New Jersey troops, reported to the governor, and 
Captain William C. Gorgas, assistant surgeon. 
United States Army, reported as the medical offi- 
cer for the examination of recruits. 

On May 4th the governor officially offered to the 
United States government the camp grounds at 
Sea Girt and the adjoining property as a military 
post, stating that it was sufficient for the encamp- 
ment of twenty thousand troops. The offer was 
not accepted. 

Company B, First Regiment, was the first com- 
pany mustered into the service of the United 
States for the war, by Captain Buttler, May 6th, 
and the mustering in of the entire three regiments 
was concluded Sunday, May 15th. 

Notwithstanding the large amount of clothing, 
equipments, etc., in possession of the regimental 
organizations of the three regiments referred to, 
and in the arsenal of the State, there were some 
supplies in which the regiments were deficient, 
notably in the matter of clothing. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 219 

Under special orders of the 13th of May the or- 
ganization of the Third Regiment was altered, the 
companies of the Sixth and Seventh Regiments 
constituting a battalion of the Third Regiment, 
being thus lettered : 

Company E, Seventh Regiment, to be Company I, Third Regi- 
ment. 

Company A, Sixth Regiment, to be Company K, Third Regi- 
ment. 

Company C, Sixth Regiment, to be Company L, Third Regi- 
ment. 

Company G, Sixth Regiment, to be Company M, Third Regi- 
ment. 

The following re-organization of the battalions 
of the Third Regiment was also directed : 

Companies B, F, I, and L to constitute the First Battalion. 
Companies C, D, E, and K to constitute the Second Battalion. 
Companies A, G, H, and M to constitute the Third Battalion. 

On May 16th the First Regiment received orders 
to move to Camp Alger, near Washington, and on 
the evening of May 19th they broke camp at Sea 
Girt and started for Washington. The regiment 
was fully armed, uniformed, and equipped, had all 
the necessary tentage, one hundred thousand 
rounds of ammunition, ten days ' fixed rations, and 
two days' travel rations. 

Under orders of May 20 from headquarters. De- 
partment of the East, the Third Regiment of New 
Jersey was ordered for duty. The colonel with 
headquarters, unassigned field officers, and one 



220 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

battalion of the regiment were assigned to Pomp- 
ton Lakes, New Jersey, to relieve Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel Henry T. Dechert, and five companies of the 
Second Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteer In- 
fantry stationed there, guarding the Laflin & Rand 
Powder Works. The lieutenant-colonel and major 
and the remaining two battalions of the regiment 
were directed to report to the commanding officer 
of Fort Hancock for duty at that place. 

On May 25th the Third Regiment broke camp at 
Sea Girt and the First Battalion proceeded to 
Pompton Lakes, Passaic County, New Jersey, and 
the Second and Third Battalions to Fort Hancock, 
Sandy Hook. 

On the previous day. May 24th, Colonel Edward 
A. Campbell was designated by general orders to 
form and organize the First Brigade, First 
Division, Second Army Corps, at Camp Alger, Vir- 
ginia. On July 17 Colonel Campbell was relieved 
by Brigadier-General Joseph W. Plume. It was 
in this corps that the First New Jersey Regiment 
remained until the close of its service. 

On May 30th the Second New Jersey Regiment 
was ordered to proceed at once to the national 
camp at Chickamauga Park, and on the 1st of 
June the regiment left Sea Girt for Camp George 
H. Thomas. While upon their journey the regi- 
ment was ordered to advance to Camp Cuba Libre, 
Jacksonville, Florida. 




DYNAMITE CRUISER " VESUVIUS. 



ONY AND AS A S TATE 221 

Although New Jersey had filled three regiments 
a call came from the war department on May 27 
that a thousand more men should be enlisted. 
Several conferences by New Jersey military offi- 
cers were held on this subject on the 28th, 29th, 
30th, and 31st of May, and in response the govern- 
or of New Jersey showed that the State's quota 
had been 2,862 men, which had been sent into the 
field. The muster-in rolls showed 3,162 enlisted 
officers and men in the service of the United 
States. It was shown the federal authorities that 
to increase the existing regiments would be diffi- 
cult. The three regiments contained men from 
eighteen towns and cities in the central part of 
the State. New Jersey requested that a new regi- 
ment, recruited from the northern and southern 
parts of the State, be established. 

On the 13th of June the recruits for the three 
regiments in the field began to arrive in camp at 
Sea Girt, and the next day the medical examina- 
tion and mustering in of recruits began and con- 
tinued until July 8th. The contingent for the 
First Eegiment left for Camp Alger on July 1st, 
and on the same day the recruits for the First Bat- 
talion of the Third Regiment started for Pompton 
Lakes. The recruits for the Second Regiment at 
Jacksonville, Florida, left Sea Girt July 7th, and 
those for the Second and Third Battalions of the 



222 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Third Regiment at Fort Hancock, Sandy Hook, 
New Jersey, July 8th. 

On June 28 a presidential call for seventy-five 
thousand additional volunteers was made, of 
which New Jersey's quota was one regiment of 
twelve companies. 

On the 2d of August the First Regiment, then 
attached to the Second Army Corps, by order of 
the secretary of war was attached to the Fourth 
Brigade of the Third Army Corps, Major-General 
Wade, United States Volunteers, commanding, 
and assigned to duty in Porto Rico. This order, 
however, was not carried into effect. 

In the meantime the Second New Jersey Regi- 
ment, at Jacksonville, had been assigned to the 
Seventh Army Corps, Major-General Fitzhugh Lee 
commanding. 

On the 3d of September the First Regiment ar- 
rived at Sea Girt from the camp at Dunn Loring, 
Virginia, having been ordered to return to New 
Jersey for muster out, and on September 24th the 
Second Regiment arrived at Sea Girt under sim- 
ilar orders. 

On Monday, the 26th, the First Regiment, on its 
arrival at Newark, was reviewed by the mayor 
and received a great ovation from the citizens. 
The Second Regiment also, at the same hour, was 
reviewed by the governor at Paterson, and a ban- 
quet was given later in the day to the officers and 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



men of the regiment. On Saturday, October 8th, 
the Fourth Regiment, which had been encamped 
nearly three months at Sea Girt, was ordered to 
Camp George G. Meade, Middletown, Pennsyl- 
vania, and it reported there on Sunday morning, 
October 9th, and was assigned to the First Bri- 
gade, Second Division, Second Army Corps. 

Authority was issued by the war department to 
organize a signal corps in the United States Vol- 
unteer Army, and Captain Carl F. Hartmann, of 
Newark, was commissioned to enlist a company 
in New Jersey. 

As early as the 26th of March the navy depart- 
ment began to look toward the Naval Reserves of 
the several States for aid in furnishing the seamen 
to take charge of the vessels of the navy in the 
threatened war, and Comimander Horace Elmer, 
United States navy, with headquarters at the 
navy yard, New York City, was directed by the 
navy department to prepare a scheme for utilizing 
the available resources of our Atlantic coast in the 
formation of a mosquito fleet. In accordance with 
the intention of the navy department to assign 
the monitor '^Montauk" for duty at Portland, 
Maine, that vessel was refitted at League Island, 
Philadelphia, in the early spring of 1S98. On the 
31st of March the navy department requested that 
Governor Voorhees immediately proceed to put 
the Naval Militia of New Jersey in thorough con- 



224 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 

dition to meet any sudden call for their services 
by the President of the United States. The di- 
visions were to be recruited to their full strength 
and thoroughly drilled. A careful inspection was 
ordered of all vessels in the ports of New Jersey 
that could be utilized for a mosquito fleet. 

On the 12th and 13th of April some detachments 
of officers and men from the Battalion of the East 
left Hoboken and reported for duty on the ' ' Mon- 
tauk," but it was not until the 27th of April that 
the monitor was ready for the full complement of 
officers and crew. In the meantime an exchange 
was made in this matter of service; the Battalion 
of the East was relieved and the duty was taken 
np by the Battalion of the West. 

While the monitor " Montauk " was being pre- 
pared for service a communication was received 
from the navy department, April 15th, calling for 
a detail of men for service on the U. S. S. "Vene- 
zuela." The assignment of this vessel was after- 
ward changed to the U. S. S. ** Resolute," the re- 
cently purchased auxiliary " Yorktown." The 
government also proposed to establish a system 
of coast signal stations for the rapid receipt and 
transmission of information. 

On the 11th of June the secretary of the navy 
requested the use of the U. S. S. " Portsmouth," 
which was the headquarters of the Battalion of 
the East, for the purpose of quartering the aux- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 225 

iliary force of the United States navy. This re- 
quest was granted by the State of New Jersey. 

On the 8th of October, 1898, Commander J. G. 
Eaton, of the ''Eesolute," while at Key West, 
Florida, thus addressed Governor Voorhees : 

To-day, after a service lasting for five months, the members of 
the West Battalion, New Jersey Naval Reserves, are detached 
from this ship and ordered north for honorable discharge. 

I cannot allow them to leave the " Resolute " without ex- 
pressing to you, and, through you, to the State which they have 
honored, my sense of the patriotism, fidelity, and bravery these 
reserves have shown during the late war. Not only in the bat- 
tles ofi" Santiago on July 3(1, and off Manzanillo on August 12th, 
when under fire from the enemy they exhibited coolness, courage, 
and enthusiasm, but also in the much harder, but less glorious, 
work at Guantanamo and Santiago they have shown the qualities 
which command respect and enforce confidence. 

The ''Resolute," with her several divisions of 
the Battalion of the West, had loaded dynamite 
mines and gunpowder at Newport, Rhode Island, 
and then joined the fleet off Santiago de Cuba. 
Early in June the ''Resolute" was employed in 
the delivery of mines and ammunition between 
Guantanamo and Santiago. In the engagement 
with the fleet of Admiral Cervera, on the 2d of 
July, the "Resolute" lay about one and a half 
miles from Morro Castle, and the first shot fired 
by the Spanish struck about twenty-five yards on 
the starboard quarter of the "Resolute." Com- 
municating with Admiral Sampson, the "Reso- 
lute" was directed to proceed at once to Guanta- 

tVol. 4] 



226 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

namo Bay and notify the United States ships in 
that vicinity. While under fire from the Socapa 
battery the men later were present at the de- 
struction of the Spanish fleet, the ''Resolute" con- 
veying prisoners from the *' Colon," which were 
subsequently transferred to the "St. Paul," and 
''Harvard." On July 15 the "Resolute," having 
been sent North, arrived in New York Bay, where 
stores for the sick and wounded and nurses for 
the yellow fever sufferers were taken on board. 

On the 12th of August the "Resolute" was sent 
to bombard Manzanillo. The bombardment was 
opened by the U. S. S. "Newark," but on the 
morning of the 13th they were informed that the 
protocol of peace had been signed. Another trip 
was made north from Guantanamo Bay with the 
United States Marine Battalion, the vessel was 
refitted at the navy yard for the United States 
evacuation committee, and with them proceeded 
to Havana and from there to Nuevitas. 

On the 21st of May a large detachment of the 
Battalion of the East was mustered into the 
United States service, and on the 29th of the same 
month they were transferred from the battalion 
headquarters on the U. S. S. "Portsmouth" at 
Hoboken, New Jersey, to the "Badger" at the 
Morgan Iron Works, New York City. On the 6th 
of June the "Badger" sailed for Provincetown, 
Massachusetts, to report for duty with the North 



ONY AND AS A STATE 227 

Atlantic patrol squadron; giving assistance to the 
U. S. S. '*San Francisco," which was ashore at 
Cape Cod. The ''Badger" then proceeded to the 
place of its assignment on the coast of Maine. 
From June 13th until June 20th the vessel was on 
this duty, with headquarters at Bar Harbor. On 
the 26th of June the "Badger" left Portland, 
Maine, for Key West, Florida, reaching there July 
1st, and on July 4th arrived in front of Havana, 
Cuba, and took part in the blockade of that x)ort 
for one week. On July 11th the vessel was ordered 
to Nuevitas and the blockading fleet at that port, 
where she remained until the 26th of July in active 
service, preventing many vessels from reach- 
ing the harbor. On the 26th of July they captured 
three vessels flying Spanish flags and the red 
cross, and were told that the Spaniards had yellow 
fever on board, finding nearly four hundred sol- 
diers, but very few sick. A prize crew took these 
to Havana. The ''Badger" subsequently became, 
for several days, Ihe flagship of Commodore Wat- 
son. On the 18th of August she left (juanta- 
namo for Montauk Point, Long Island, with sol- 
diers of the Thirty-fourth Michigan Volunteer In- 
fantry, arrived there August 23d, and sailed im- 
mediately for Boston. On the 26th of September 
the "Badger" left Boston for League Island Navy 
Yard, and on the 7th of October the detachment 
of men of the Battalion of the East serving on this 



228 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

steamer was mustered out at Hoboken on the U. 
S. S. '^ Portsmouth." 

Under charge of a detachment of the Battalion 
of the West the ''Montauk" sailed for Phila- 
delphia Navy Yard at six o'clock Saturday morn- 
ing, May 7th, and anchored under stress of 
weather that evening inside the Delaware break- 
water. On May 11th the **Montauk" reached 
Portland, Maine, where she remained during the 
war. Several officers and men of this detachment 
remained on the ''Montauk" at Portland harbor 
until the cessation of hostilities; the rest of the 
officers and men were discharged, and on their 
way to New Jersey enrolled themselves for serv- 
ice on the U. S. S. ''Resolute." 

Of the organization of the New Jersey regi- 
ments in the Spanish- American War the colonel of 
the First Regiment was Edward A. Campbell with 
the following company captains: 

A, Joseph H. McMahon; B, George Handley; C, Harry T. 
Spain; D, Orrin E. Runyon; E, James K. Walsh; F, John D. 
Eraser; G, George M. Buttle; H, Frank E. Boyd; I, Arthur 
Rowland; K, Cornelius A. Reilly; L, Theodore C. Reiser; M, 
Edwin R. Westervelt. 

The muster-in roll of the Second Eegiment gives 
Edwin W. Hine as its colonel. The captains of the 
companies were as follows: 

A, J. Ernest Shaw; B, Edward A. Scanlan; C, James Parker; 
D, Hamilton M. Ross; E, Henry R. Goesser; F, Frank S. De 
Ronde; G, George E. Wells; H, Isaac Schoenthal; 1, Terrence 7.. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 229 

Murphy; K, Thomas H. Slack; L, Addison Ely; M, Edward L. 
Petty. 

Of the Third Regiment Benjamin A. Lee was 
colonel, the company captains being : 

A, Jerome E. Muddell; B, Charles Morris; C, Frederick A. 
Bickel; D, Joseph Kay; E, Dennis F. Collins; F, Cyrus W. 
Squior; G, Herman 0. Bauer; H, John E. Wehrly; I, Peter 
Vredenburgh; K, Joseph F. Clime; L, Lorenzo D. Dyer; M, John 
A. Mather, Jr. 

Robert G. Smith was colonel of the Fourth Regi- 
ment, the captains of companies being as follows : 

A, Richard R. Whitehead; B, Andrew Derrom; C, Charles TL 
Springsted; D, Edward See; E, Waldo E. Gibbs; F, L-wis T. 
Bryant; G, Bernard Rogers; H, Edmund Du Bois; I, A. i.a Rue 
Christie; K, Claude S. Fries; L, Clayton J. Bailey; M, George 
v. Seymour. 

Of the detail to the "Badger," Battalion of the 
East, Edward McClure Peters was lieutenant-navi- 
gator; of the detail to the "Montauk," Battalion 
of the East, Edward McClure Peters was also lieu- 
tenant and navigator. Of the Battalion of the 
West the roster of detail to the ''Montauk" shows 
the lieutenant-commander and executive officer to 
have been Harry R. Cohen. Of the roster of detail 
to the ''Resolute," Battalion of the West, Charles 
S. Braddock, Jr., was lieutenant and senior watch 
officer. The captain of the Eleventh Company, 
Signal Corps, United States Volunteers, was Carl 
F. Hartman. 



CHAPTER XV 

Jersey City, Newark, Patebson, aud Their 
Environs. 



IT WAS from the sands and marshes of Pau- 
lus Hook, but a step south of the tracks 
which form the eastern New Jersey ter- 
minal of the Pennsylvania Railroad sys- 
tem, that Jersey City rose to greatness. 
For over one hundred years the ditch-pierced 
meadows and the bit of upland tied to the main 
shore by a long and ill-kept road had been in the 
possession of the Van Vorst family, one of whose 
members, Cornelius, had erected a ferry, in 1764, 
which took passengers from the southward to New 
York, and who in 1769 laid out a racecourse, 
which lasted as an attraction until the opening 
years of the next century. 

With the close of the Revolutionary War and 
the resumption of peaceful pursuits Paulus Hook 
became an important center of transportation. 
Hence for Philadelphia went the springless Jer- 
sey wagon, called the ** Flying Machine," on a 
three days' journey to the Quaker City. Then 
came the "genteel" stage wagon of Sovereign Sy- 
brant, whose house of entertainment was near 
Elizabethtown. This stage, leaving Philadelphia 
on Monday, reached Trenton that day, arriving in 
Elizabethtown on Tuesday and Paulus Hook on 
Wednesday. Then for short distances stages ran 
to Hackensack, to Morristown, to Paterson, and 
the New Bridge, while according to the late 
Charles H. Winfield, in his excellent monograph 



234 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

on the "Founding of Jersey City," as many as 
twenty stages a day entered and left Paulus Hook. 

It was in the year 1804 that three movements 
were separately instituted for the development of 
the shore of New Jersey opposite the growing City 
of New York. Shortly after the Revolution John 
Stevens, with rare foresight, had acquired posses- 
sion of the site of Hoboken, which, having been 
cut into lots, was offered for sale in New York City 
during the month of March, 1804. This was the 
new city of Hoboken. Another capitalist, James 
B. Coles, threw upon the market the **Duke*s 
Farm" at Ahasimus, the title having been 
quieted,— a tract of two hundred and ninety-four 
blocks. 

But no location offered so great inducements as 
did Paulus Hook. Men saw dimly the great future 
that lay before New York, and the part that the 
Hudson River shore of New Jersey must play in 
the transshipment of passengers and freight. So 
it was that early in 1804 Anthony Dey, repre- 
sentative of moneyed interests in New York and 
Newark, negotiated with Cornelius Van Vorst for 
the control of Paulus Hook, the terms being "a 
perpetual annuity of six thousand Spanish milled 
dollars," secured by an irredeemable mortgage. 
The Van Vorst title having been assured by Alex- 
ander Hamilton and Josiah Ogden Hoffman, for 
which service these two eminent lawyers charged 



ONY AND AS A STATE 235 



one hundred dollars, the property, containing one 
hundred and seventeen acres, was conveyed to Dey 
upon March 26, 1804. The tract was bounded by 
Hudson River, by Harsimus Bay, by Communipaw 
Bay, and by a straight line drawn between the 
two bays. On Paulus Hook were but a few build- 
ings, the tavern on the corner of Grand and Hud- 
son Streets, a nearby oyster house, stables, store 
houses, and out-structures. The total resident 
population was either thirteen or fifteen persons. 

Thus from such humble beginnings sprung Jer- 
sey City, but these beginnings were marked by 
energy and a progressive spirit. In an advertise- 
ment marked by sincerity of purpose, though 
somewhat favorably colored, the capitalists, 
known as the "proprietors," announced that upon 
May 15, 1804, the sale of lots would take place at 
Paulus Hook, and on the succeeding day at the 
Tontine Coffee House in New York City. The 
plot laid out for prospective purchasers contained 
one thousand three hundred and forty-four lots. 
Upon the east side was Hudson Street, under wa- 
ter, on the north Harsimus or First Street, on the 
south Mason Street, the western boundary being 
a straight line from the intersection of Van Vorst 
and South Streets to a point at the junction of 
First and Washington Streets. Fourteen streets 
extended east and west through this tract, the up- 



(,"UMMUISll"A\v. 

(From an old print.) 



236 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

land occupying a circle bounded by Montgomery 
and Essex Streets. 

By April 20 various conveyances had lodged 
Dey's interests in the hands of the proprietors, 
who were now confronted with two serious ques- 
tions—satisfying purchasers as to the Van Vorst 
mortgage, and meeting the old-time contention 
on the part of the New York authorities that the 
corporation of the City of New York had jurisdic- 
tion over and ownership of lands under the Hud- 
son westward to low water mark on the shore of 
New Jersey. Under such a claim any hope of mak- 
ing the new town a great commercial center would 
vanish, and, as Mr. Winfield has suggested, Paulus 
Hook might as well have remained a cabbage gar- 
den. Advised by their counsel that the City of 
New York had no such rights, the proprietors, 
however, were confronted with the opinions of 
later United States District Court Judge Robert 
Troup, of New York, and Recorder Richard Hari- 
son, of New York City, who held that the land in 
question belonged, under the charter of Charles 
II to James, Duke of York, to the State of New 
York, and was not comprehended in the grant 
from James, Duke of York, to Carteret and Berke- 
ley, Lords Proprietors of New Jersey. It was 
further asserted that jurisdiction over the land 
rested in the corporation of New York City by rea- 
son of the terms of the boundaries of New York 



ONY AND AS A STATE 237 

City and County. From this reasoning the con- 
clusion was drawn that all wharves built at Pau- 
lus Hook were unlawfully constructed unless built 
under the direction of the New York City authori- 
ties. 

It was then that the sale of Paulus Hook lots 
was adjourned until the 14th of June, which was a 
race day. "Inclemency of the weather" was the 
reason given by the proprietors, but the true cause 
was to be found in the opinions given by Troup 
and Harison. Suddenly the common council of 
New York City, in a resolution wherein that body 
assured the proprietors that it entertaine^J no 
sentiments hostile to their interests, offered every 
facility to promote the settlement of Paulus Hook. 
This resolution of June 26th gave as a reason for 
such action that the improvements "would great- 
ly tend to the convenience of the inhabitants of 
this city in case of the return of the epidemic" 
[smallpox]. 

The objections on the part of New York City 
having been withdrawn, certain "Articles of As- 
sociation" bearing date October 11, 1804, were en- 
tered into between the original proprietors and 
certain associates, while upon the 10th of Novem- 
ber of the same year these capitalists were incor- 
porated by the Legislature of New Jersey under 
a statute which had been drawn by Alexander 
Hamilton, entitled "An Act to incorporate the 




238 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




Associates of the Jersey Company." Confined in 
its operation to the limits of the Van Vorst tract, 
the corporation was vested with broad powers. It 
could lay out streets, establish grades, improve the 
water front by the erection of docks, piers, 
wharves, and store houses, making all necessary 
by laws, orders, and regulations. Breaches com- 
mitted against such by laws, orders, and regula- 
tions subjected offenders to a penalty not exceed- 
ing twenty-five dollars. The charter vested abut- 
ting lands under water in the associates, who were 
authorized to erect such structures as might be 
necessary for the purposes of commerce. Nine of 
the associates were selected under the provisions 
of the act as trustees, the board being organized 
upon December 24, 1804, in Joseph Lyon's tavern 
''at Jersey," while the clerk of Bergen County was 
directed to appoint a deputy for the ''Island of 
Harsimus," whose duty it was to record all papers 
relating to real estate transactions. 

In the founding of Jersey City the names of the 
associates make a notable list. Among them were 
Richard Varick, president of the board of trustees, 
who died in Jersey City in 1831, and had been at- 
torney-general of New York State. There was 
Mayor Jacob Radcliffe, of New York City; 
Anthony Dey, of the Preakness family; and Joseph 
Bloomfield, then governor of New Jersey. Other 
distinguished Jerseymen interested in the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 239 

project were General John Noble Cmnming, 
of Newark; Alexander C. McWhorter, of the 
Essex County family; Elisha Boudinot, as- 
sociate justice of the Supreme Court of New Jer- 
sey; Jonathan Rhea, clerk of the New Jersey Su- 
preme Court; Governors William S. Pennington 
and Isaac H. Williamson; William Halsey, first 
mayor of Newark ; together with merchants of the 
first standing in New York City. 

To those who would erect houses in ''Jersey" 
special inducements were offered by the gift of 
lots proportioned to the value of the residences. 
Robert Fulton was urged to take a block of 
ground for the ''safe keeping and repairing" of 
his steam vessels, a hotel was projected in 1805, 
known later as the Hudson House, while provis- 
ions were made for the planting of shade trees. 
The associators reserved land for a school, 
churches, public market, and a shipyard, while a 
bounty was offered to those who dug wells, seeking 
pure water. Near the coner of Hudson and Es- 
sex Streets a distillery was erected, a steam saw- 
mill and gristmill were projected, and in 1816 
"Prospect Point," the mansion of Richard Varick 
on Essex Street, was one of the most elegant of its 
kind between the Stevens property and Bergen 
Point. 

But the project at Paulus Hook, so auspiciously 
begun, was doomed to dark days. Robert Fulton 



240 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

lost money upon his lot-speculation, dying in 1815 ; 
the York and Jersey Steamboat Company, estab- 
lished in 1810, ultimately failed, and in the 
year 1834 there were upon the Paulus Hook 
tract but fifteen hundred persons and one hundred 
and seventy houses. With the decline of influence 
of the associates, and the evidence of their pov- 
erty, lawlessness reigned. Prize fighting, bull 
baiting, and dog fighting were common amuse- 
ments, with drunkenness and gambling. The 
Legislature in 1813 and in 1817 was deaf to the 
petitions of the better class of citizens that a 
proper police regulate the affairs of the city, and 
it was not until 1835 that a place of confinement 
for disorderly persons was selected. This was the 
school house near Saint Matthew's Church, and 
which for a long time was city hall, jail, and po- 
lice headquarters. 

The elements which retarded the growth of the 
basic community underlying Jersey City were, ac- 
cording to Charles H. Winfield, threefold. One 
was the constant assertion on the part of the New 
York State authorities of their right of jurisdic- 
tion, ownership, and control over riparian lands 
on the New Jersey shore. This was not overcome 
until the New York-New Jersey boundary was 
settled by agreement in 1834. Then many of the 
lots had been sold subject to a ground rent and 
to the irredeemable Van Vorst mortgage. This 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



241 



cloud upon the title was cleared in 1824, when 
Richard Varick purchased the mortgage, permit- 
ting the lots to be sold in fee simple. Lastly, 
while the associates were not only a land com- 
pany, but a municipal corporation, every inhabit- 
ant of the Paulus Hook tract who was not a share- 
holder was subjected to the rules, regulations 
made, and penalties imposed by the trustees. In a 
small way it was the old story of ''taxation with- 
out representation. ' ' 

The time for change was ripe. The Legislature 
had provided that the law-making body ultimately 
should "institute a more adequate and complete 
corporation" for the mere purposes of municipal 

government. It was upon January 28, 1820, that ^ ^ ^ -^ 

''An Act to incorporate the City of Jersey in the ^^^^^^..^i^^V^^^i.^.^s.'^^ 
County of Bergen" was passed, but in the body 
of the act the municipality was called "Jersey 
City," a somewhat indefinite designation. The 
statute provided that the "freeholders and other 
taxable" inhabitants should annually choose five 
members of the "Board of Selectmen of Jersey 
City," which board had jurisdiction over streets, 
public grounds, public markets, weights and meas- 
ures, fire wood, bread, errant animals, night 
watch, fire engines, engine houses, and the "pub- 
lic peace and tranquility" of the corporation. 
But the good designed was rendered almost nuga- 
tory by provisions regarding the autocratic impo- 

[Vol. 4] 




Uiofeard VMiek, *. HMkraMMsk, N. J., Much 26, 17S3 ; 
•erv*dlDtheR«voluUou; recorder of New York City, IT&V 
80 ; •tt«raey-g*narml ; mayor of New York ; ipeaker New 
Fork Aaaaakbly 1787; * founder of tho American Bible 
Sooiety ; i. JfetMy City, July 80, laSl. 



242 KEW JERSEY AS A COL 

sition of taxes and the confirmation of all the pow- 
ers or rights granted to the Jersey associates. 

In the year 1825 the princely sum of one hun- 
dred dollars was assessed against the inhabitants 
of Jersey City, of which amount an investigation 
committee, in 1828, reported that thirty-nine dol- 
lars and eighty-seven cents had been collected— 
into such deplorable straits of economy had the 
young city gone. For twelve dollars a year a tav- 
ernkeeper agreed to furnish a room, fire, lights, 
pen, ink, and paper for the twelve meetings of 
the selectmen and for a board that had nothing to 
do, when the unsalaried members fined themselves 
for non-attendance. 

The streets of the town were unkempt, pigs, 
sheep, and ducks roamed at will, Hudson Street 
was not filled in, there was, in 1828, a licensed 
place for the sale of liquor to every fifty-nine in- 
habitants, the selectmen were at odds with the as- 
sociates, and had it not been for a new charter, 
secured January 23, 1829, the little town by the 
Hudson would have been in a sorry plight. Un- 
der this charter the number of selectmen was in- 
creased to seven and their powers increased. Pri- 
vate enterprise had brought new industries to the 
town. In 1824 a glass factory had been built, fol- 
lowed the next year by a pottery. There were two 
sandpaper factories, a windmill, and three smith- 
ies, while by 1834 the New Jersey Railroad ran 



ONY AND AS A STATE 243 

its passenger car "Washington," with its three 
compartments and seats on top, from Jersey City 
to Newark. "Fleet and gentle horses" drew the 
three cars of the Paterson and Hudson River Rail- 
road Company, the steamboat "Washington" ran 
half -hourly trips until midnight between Jersey 
City and New York after June 8, 1835, while in 
1836 the Morris Canal was completed. But the 
incubus of the poverty of the associates had fas- 
tened itself upon the town. 

In 1838 Jersey City, with a mayor and common 
council, was incorporated, and thence until the 
abolishment of special legislation, in the year 1875, 
the charter underwent ninety-one revisions and 
amendments. 

Since 1840, when the first federal census of Jer- 
sey City was taken, until 1900, the city has grown 
from three thousand to two hundred thousand. 
Most marvelous was the increase between 1850 
and 1860, when the city leaped from seven thou- 
sand to twenty-nine thousand, an increase of three 
hundred and twenty-six per cent. From 1860 to 
1870 the increase was one hundred and eighty-two 
per cent.; from 1870 to 1880 forty-six per cent; 
from 1880 to 1890 thirty-five per cent.; from 1890 
to 1900 twenty-six per cent. 

The old township of Bergen, the bounds whereof 
were first definitely established in 1693, comprised^, 
that portion of Hudson County lying ea^t of iihe 



JERSEY CITY IN 1820. 




'Jul." -iO''' ' ■■ " ■ 



241 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Hackensack River. From this ancient tract Jer- 
sey City was first carved in 1820. Thence until 
the outbreak of the Civil War the changes were 
comparatively few. Van Vorst and Hoboken 
Townships, now absorbed, appeared respectively 
in 1841 and 1849, North Bergen Township in 1843, 
Hudson Township in 1852, and Weehawken Town- 
ship in 1859. Harrison Township, taken from a 
part of Lodi Township in Bergen County, was 
created in 1840. In 1855 the City of Hoboken was 
chartered. 

During the progress of the Civil War the in- 
creasing demands of population caused a notable 
sub-division of territory. In 1861 both Bayonne 
and Union Townships were organized, and Green- 
ville Township in 1863. During the same period 
the town of West Hoboken was chartered in 1861, 
and the town of Union in 1864, while in the period 
of expansion following the war Kearny Township 
was erected in 1867 and the City of Bayonne in 
1869. Not until 1878 were there further changes, 
when the township of Guttenberg was formed. 
In 1898 the further development of Hudson Coun- 
''ty led to the orj^anization of the town of Kearny 
y.^./irom i]m township of the sjime name. During the 
iFtame year the town of West New York came into 
existence, as did the boron«:h of East Newark. In 
1900 appeared the borough of Secaucus. 

Of the cities of Hudson Cjounty, exclusive of Jer- 




HOBOKKN IK 1776. 






ONY A]S'D AS A STATE 245 

sey City, Hoboken's census was first taken by the 
United States government in 1850, when the city 
was credited with twenty-six hundred inhabitants. 
In ten years this had risen to nine thousand six 
hundred, an increase of two hundred and sixty-two 
per cent., the largest percentage gain ever made 
by any city in New Jersey during eighty years, 
except by Jersey City in the same decade and by 
Athmtic City of four hundred and twenty-five 
per cent, between 1870 and 1880. In 1870 Ho- 
boken was credited with a population of twen- 
ty thousand, an increase of one hundred and 
eighty-two per cent. In 1880 there were thirty-one 
thousand inhabitants of the city, in 1890 forty- 
three thousand six hundred, in 1900 sixty thou- 
sand. 

Bayonne's inhabitants were first recorded in the 
federal census in 1870, when the town had about 
four thousand people. This in 1880 was increased 
to nine thousand, in 1890 to nineteen thousand, 
in 1900 to thirty-three thousand. In no decade 
was this increase less than seventy-two per cent. 

Accompanying this notable increase during the 
decade from 1890 to 1900 the town of West Hobo- 
ken has grown from eleven thousand seven hun- 
dred to twenty-three thousand, the town of Union 
from ten thousand six hundred to fifteen thou- 
sand, and Guttenberg from two thousand to four 
thousand, an increase in every case of practically 



246 



NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 




THE KEMBLH AB2C8. 



100 per cent., except in the instance of the town of 
Union. 

From the days of the settlers, when the first 
sloop sailed into Bound Creek and laid the basis 
of country produce trade with New York City, 
until 1836, when Newark was chartered by the 
Legislature of New Jersey, the industrial metropo- 
lis of New Jersey had conducted its affairs under 
a town government. Here in replica were the 
phases of life found in New England— the town 
meeting, the calling and payment of schoolmas- 
ters, the direct personal element injected by the 
voter into questions of taxation, and all those 
other features typical of communities where Cal- 
vinism in some form was dominant. In 1832 the 
charter had been foreshadowed by the sub-divis- 
ion of the township of Newark into four wards, 
each represented by an alderman, a plan retained 
in the charter. 

In 1836, in spite of the fact that Newark had 
received its impetus as a manufacturing center, 
the city was rich in memories of the past. There 
was the Gouverneur-Kemble mansion "Cockloft 
Hall," where had been entertained Washington 
Irving, Dr. Petor Irving, and "William Irving, 
James Kirke Panldi^ig, and Ca]")tain Porter, and 
wliorc no small portion of ''Sahnngundi" had 
been written. r»o?oendants ot (he oriAin'il settlers 
still resided on the "home lots," the "Training 



Id-^. 



COCKLOFT HALL AND 
SUMMER HOUSE. 

(ChriBtonod "Cockloft Hall " by 
WttHhIngton Irving, and cal'ed 
Mount Pleasant. The houee wan 
built br Nicholaa Oouvernaar, 
grandBuu of Abraham Oouvcrneur, 
who married the daughter of Oo»- 
ornor Jacob LoUler.) 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



247 



Place/' now Military Common, was still in use, the 
dead were buried in the First Presbyterian chur(3h- 
yard. wliile the tanners and curriers had long since 
congregated about "The Swamp" on the south 
side of Market Street. On the edge of the town 
cattle were still pastured on the Salt Meadows, in 
which the cedar stumps of an ancient forest were 
yet to be seen. 

With the new charter Newark advanced rapid- 
ly. New school houses were added to the one 
standing in 1845, and new churches sprung up 
where once had been barren hillsides or tracts of 
half-stagnant marsh. But the panic of 1837 almost 
prostrated the town, the blow falling heavily 
upon the greatest industry of the community, that 
of manufacturing leather products. From 1680, 
when the town meeting resolved that ''Samuel 
Whitehead should come and Inhabit among us, 
provided he will supply the town with shoes," un- 
til the day of disaster, Newark had devoted the 
industry of her inhabitants to the making of boots 
and shoes, carriage equipments, saddles, and har- 
ness. With the Southern States a trade as large 
as it was profitable had arisen, not only in leather 
products, but in clothing, both for the use of slaves 
and their masters. But in the crash of 183? every 
important establishment in the city, save one, 
failed to meet its financial engagements. John 
Whitehead, in his history of "The Passaic Val- 




::.H\ 



<y;j 



r 



JAME8 KIRKB PAUIJJINO. 



248 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




ley," says that skilled workmen, mechanics, and 
artisans walked the streets day after day, seeking 
in vain for employment, and that while Newark 
recovered her lost prestige it was in other mar- 
kets, as the Southern States never returned to 
their old commercial relations with the city. 

But of the cities enumerated in the census of 
1820 Newark, from 1820 to 1850, owing to the es- 
tablishment of manufactures and the congestion 
of population— notably foreign born,— advanced 
with the far greatest rapidity. From 1820 to ISliO 
during no decade was the increase less tha7i fifty- 
eight per cent., while between 1840 and 1850 the 
increase was one hundred and twenty-five per cent. 
During these forty years Newark had grown from 
six thousand five hundred to seventy-two thousand 
in 1860. Thenceforth Newark continually ex- 
ceeded its nearby rival, Jersey City, in actual 
growth. In 1870 Newark's population was one 
hundred and five thousand; in 1880, one hun- 
dred and thirty-six thousand five hundred; in 
1890, one hundred and eighty-two thousand; in 
1900, two hundred and forty-six thousand ; the in- 
crease from 1890 to 1900 being thirty-five per cent. 

At the base of the hills lying west of Newark 
pme of the original settlers ''took up" land at 

e foot of Orange Mountain. Others later came, 
nd from the cabins of the pioneers arose the com- 
munities of Camptown, now Irvington ; Tory Cor- 



WASHINGTON IRVINO. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



249 



ner, embraced by West Orange; and Cranetowny 
now the residential town of Montclair. By 1796, 
between Montclair and Newark, the valley com- 
munity occupied by the Dods and Baldwins was 
named Bloomfield in honor of a subsequent gov- 
ernor of New Jersey of that name. In 1812 the 
township of Bloomfield was organized. Of the Or- 
anges, famed for their homes of culture, wealth, 
and refinement, West Orange was incorporated as 
Fairmount, by the Legislature, in 1862. The follow- 
ing year the present designation was adopted. In 
West Orange is Llewellyn Park, of eight hundred 
acres, named in honor of Llewellyn S. Haskell, who 
there created one of the finest resident sites in any 
portion of the world. South Orange as a township 
was set off in 1861, while the village of the same 
name was incorporated in 1869. These with East 
Orange City are essentially a part of the Town of 
Orange, chartered in 1860. 

In considering these immediate environs of 
Newark it may be said that in 1806, for the pur- 
poses of assessment and collection of taxes, New- 
ark Township was divided into three districts or 
wards, known as the Bloomfield, Newark, and 
Orange wards. Orange, as the generic name of 
this entire community, found its real beginnings 
about 1720, when the Mountain Society of one 
hundred persons erected its first meeting hous«;"): , 
now represented by the First Presbyterian* Church ^'^^-"^ 







OLD STONB HOUSE AT SOUTH ORANGR. 




250 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 

of Orange. It is only in recent years, with the in- 
troduction of hat making and other small indus- 
tries in its nearby associated towns, that Orange 
has lost its earlier characteristics of growth. 

The City of Paterson stands as the vital illus- 
tration of the development of a manufacturing 
project which in its day was the boldest ever con- 
ceived in the United States. To Alexander Hamil- 
ton, framer of the project, whose master mind 
clarified all the current doctrines concerning the 
stimulation and subsequent protection of home 
manufactures, the city owes her existence. 

As a political economist Alexander Hamilton 
had held close to the broad proposition that the 
United States, but recently declaring her political 
independence, should also as soon as possible de- 
clare her industrial independence. To accom- 
plish this purpose it was necessary that two dis- 
tinct courses be adopted— one the instruction of 
a people unskilled in manufacture, which could 
be stimulated by an effective object lesson; the 
other by the passage of effective federal legisla- 
tion. By first supplying the home market under 
the aegis of a protective tariff the people of the 
United States could then reach .out for the world- 
trade. 

~v \?JXi i With these two ideas in mind, the object los- 

V^^^y-^'^^nBon and the tariff, Alexander Hamilton laid be- 

T^j^orei capitalists, statesmen, and publicists his plan 

JP.XAJVDER Ham I 

II III Ap an exprefsion *' 

T their atfeclionate Retfar 

'I of their cleep rc^' 
^ for hi$ Lof.^,^ 

_^iRP/r- have We cte d. ,_,- 

nsJ^- _^.u . alJJijjuii- „'- 




v.Ul, 



— r ' 



""^S'm^&WMmj}/ 






..;';:7)a^^u^^'..;.: ,., .. , : : ,:. . - J the 



'T -+.,;,[.....;.>,..[.,,...,. ^,;■■. •'^OT^ij 



on 



L the 

iiioal 

sible de- 



■ (iiS- 

m of 
could 

1)0 dtimi.!;^! object lesson; the 

'>ther b; ssage of etfective federal legisla- 

tion. By til St .supplying the home market under 

.u. ....... ,v ... ,. . .,.^-„.. o.if^ i\^Q people of the 

! out for the world- 

iect les- 

laid be- 

.ju.iOLo his plai:> 



I 






M 




^^^'?rt^cyC^ 



ONY AND AS A STATE 251 

for the creation of a great industrial community. 
Both ridiculed and applauded, this scheme of 
many factories, thousands of employees, in short 
this community to supply, with manufactured 
goods the country, if not the world, was as stu- 
pendous as it was novel, as shown by William 
Nelson in 1887 in his monograph on " The Found- 
ing of Paterson as the Intended Manufacturing 
Metropolis of the United States, ' ' and later in his 
''History of Paterson." Men of means were 
dazzled by its possibilities. But while they dis- 
cussed the plan Alexander Hamilton had se'^ured 
from the Legislature of the State of New Jersey 
**An Act to incorporate the contributors to the 
Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, 
for the encouragement of the said Society," a 
statute which was passed upon the 22d of Novem- 
ber, 1791. In view of so auspicious a beginning 
the House of Assembly and Council, largely Fed- 
eralistic, gave the promoters of the plan a charter 
containing plenary powers. The ''contributors" 
to the society had already subscribed to five thou- 
sand shares of stock at one hundred dollars per 
share, while over two hundred thousand had been 
paid into the treasury. Toward the "Articles not 
prohibited by law," which the society proposed to 
make, the energies of the contributors were first 
directed. All cotton yarn in the United States 
had been spun by hand. Sir Eichard Arkwright's 



252 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

ideas were not yet generally adopted, cotton fab- 
rics were selling at the rate of fifty cents per yard, 
and under such conditions this one field of opera- 
tion for the society was well nigh limitless. In 
the selection of a site for this new industrial com- 
munity an examination of several localities was 
made, the choice being the Great Falls of the Pas- 
saic, where abundant water power and nearness 
to tidewater and the New York market were pow- 
erful factors in influencing this decision. 

Except for the farms and their mansions the site 
of Paterson in 1791 was barren of all industrial en- 
terprise. 

In the charter of the Society for Establishing 
Useful Manufactures the capital of the company 
was designated as one million dollars, there being 
ten thousand shares at one hundred dollars each. 
Authorized to hold real and personal property to 
the value of four million dollars, the society was 
permitted to deal and trade in ''such articles as 
itself shall manufacture and the materials there- 
of, and in such articles as shall be really and truly 
received in payment or exchange therefor." To 
encourage ''so useful and beneficial an establish- 
ment" the society was to be exempt from all 
"taxes, charges, and impositions" during a period 
of ten years. Those in the immediate service of 
the society were also exempt from all taxes and 
assessments. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



253 



Of the franchises granted to the society one of 
the most important was the right conferred of dig- 
ging canals and improving river channels, with 
power of condemning land and collecting tolls. 
To the stock of the company the United States 
or the State of New Jersey was authorized to sub- 
scribe to the amount of ten thousand dollars by 
means of a lottery. 

The erection of a municipality comprising g,^]. 
inhabitants within a territory ' ' six miles square, ,j, 
to be called Paterson— in honor of Governor Wil^ 
iam Paterson, who had signed the act incorporat- 
ing the society,— was an essential provision offthe 
statute. Of the new corporation the municipal 
officers were a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, 
twelve assistants, and a town clerk, appointed by 
joint meeting of the Legislature, while all other 
officers were elected by the qualified voters. The 
officers appointed by the joint meeting, except t 
town clerk, were made justices of the peace, wmie 
any seven were authorized to hold a court of quar- 
ter sessions as well as to act as a court of common 
pleas. In 1792 the composition of the two courts 
was reduced to the twelve aldermen— this char- 
ter in general terms being similar to that granted 
to Trenton during the latter year. 

But the elaborate charter designed for the City 
of Paterson was never carried into effect, and it 
was not until 1831 that Paterson Township was 





a^^ 



254 NEW JKKSr.Y AS A COL 

cut off from the old township of Acquackanonk, 
of which it formed a part, while the city itself was 
incorporated in 1851. 

There was in the United States at the time of 
the incorporation of the society a French engi- 
neer, Major L 'Enfant, who had but recently laid 
out the plans of the new federal city— Washing- 
ton. Major L 'Enfant was an enthusiast, a dream- 
er, who saw in Paterson the possibilities of an in- 
dustrial capital. He seized upon the broad rights 
of the charter as an excellent field for ox>eration, 
and involved the society in endless expense, par- 
ticularly in attempting to construct a canal be- 
tween Paterson and the City of Passaic. 

In 1840, by the federal census, taken of the town, 
Paterson had a population of seven thousand six 
hundred, which increased in 1850 to eleven thou- 
sand. Until 1870 the increase was practically 
seventy per cent, each decade, the population of 
the city in 1870 being thirty-three thousand six 
hundred. From 1870 to 1890 the rate of increase 
was practically fifty-two per cent, per decade, 
while from 1890, when the city had seventy-eight 
thousand, to 1900, when the population was one 
hundred and five thousand, the percentage of 
growth was thirty-four per cent. 

One of the most remarkable instances of growth 
in New Jersey is Passaic City. In 1880 the city 
had six thousand five hundred, and in 1890 thir- 



EASTERN VIEW OP ACQUACKANONK IN 1M4. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 255 

teen thousand, an increase of ninety-nine per cent. ; 
in 1900 twenty-seven thousand, in the latter dec- 
ade an increase of one hundred and thirteen per- 
cent., identical with the increase of Atlantic City, 
although the causes of development were totally 
different. 



CHAPTER XVI 

Tbentof, Elizabeth, New Bbunswick, Cam- 
den, AND Smaller Cities 



IVoL 41 



FROM the days when the mill of Mahlon 
Stacy, at the mouth of the Assan- 
pink, marked the beginnings of the 
settlement of Trenton its century of 
growth, until 1790, was slow. It was 
upon the 25th of November in that year that Tren- 
ton, by act of the Legislature, became the capital 
of the State. 

As early as September, 1776, Governor Living- 
ston recommended that the capital of the State 
of New Jersey be conveniently located, but in spite 
of the suggestion no definite action was taken. 
During the Revolution the Assembly and Coun- 
cil met at such points as convenience and safety 
required, occasionally visiting Burlington, the 
old capital of West Jersey, and Perth Amboy, the 
old capital of East Jersey. However, with the 
establishment of peace, interest in the subject was 
revived, stimulated by the presence of Congress 
in Trenton and Princeton, and by the efforts of 
Trenton to secure the federal capital. Thereafter 
that city made several endeavors to become the 
capital of the State. 

A conservative spirit desired the retention of 
both Burlington and Perth Amboy, or, in their 
places, Woodbury and New Brunswick. From 
the contentions arising upon the subject a compro- 
mise was effected, and Trenton, conveniently lo- 
cated, was chosen as the seat of government. 



260 NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 

To secure suitable buildings for the accommo- 
dation of the Legislature and State officials com- 
missioners were chosen to purchase or accept a 
suitable tract of land. This tract was obtained, 
the plot embracing the present capital, under con- 
dition that if the seat of government were removed 
from Trenton the land should revert to the heirs 
of the grantors. The citizens of Trenton contrib- 
uted three hundred pounds toward the erection of 
a State house, and added to this a State appro- 
priation was secured. By 1796 the capitol was 
erected at a cost of three thousand pounds. 

The front of the first State house stood upon 
a line drawn through the present executive recep- 
tion room, while in the " yard " were poplar and 
other trees, which were from time to time used 
for fuel when the Legislature was in session. Sub- 
sequently the offices of the clerk of the Supreme 
Court and the secretary of state were located in 
separate buildings on the front corners of the 
capitol *' yard.'^ 

The choice of Trenton as the seat of government 
led to the settlement of a contest which had been 
of long duration, the granting of an inhabitants' 
petition of the then Township of Trenton that they 
be incorporated as a city. Trenton received her 
charter upon November 25, 1792. 

In the act which constituted the city may be 
found the general type of legislation characterise- 




MOHRISTOWN IX 1828. 




THE FIRST STATE HOUSE AT TRENTON. 

(Erented before 1800.) 



ONY AND AS A STATE 261 

tic of all municipal corporations of the period. To 
the inhabitants was left as little freedom of polit- 
ical action as they generally possessed under the 
constitution. The trammels of Old-World doc- 
trines regarding borough towns rested heavily 
upon the Legislature. Not yet could the people 
be trusted, and it was with sparing hand that the 
Council and House of Assembly doled out a right 
here and a privilege there, retaining to themselves 
in joint meeting, the essentials of local self-gov- 
ernment. As in Trenton so it was for many years 
to come in all specially chartered municipal cor- 
porations throughout the State. 

The body corporate of these early cities, allow- 
ing for slight divergences from the Trenton form 
of government, consisted of a mayor, who was also 
keeper of the city seal, a recorder, who was vice- 
mayor, three aldermen, six assistants, and a town 
clerk, who, known by the name of '' The mayor, 
alderman, and assistants of the City of Trenton," 
were entitled to hold both real and personal prop- 
erty, sue and be sued, and use a common seal. In 
addition the mayor, recorder, and aldermen were 
ex-officio justices of the peace, duly commissioned 
by the joint meeting of the Legislature. To the 
freeholders and inhabitants of the city was given 
the right of electing at town meeting the six as- 
sistants and town clerk, together with a tax asses- 
sor and collector. 



262 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

Common council, under this dual system, was 
composed of the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and 
assistants, who had the power to make by-laws, 
pass ordinances, and appoint a city treasurer, city 
marshal, clerk of the market, * * and such other sub- 
ordinate officers as they may think necessary," 
to which offices the common council could annex 
fees and impose fines for malfeasance. Fines could 
be further imposed by the mayor, recorder, or one 
alderman for violation of ordinances, appeal lying 
to common council, to which body appeals in tax 
assessment matters also lay. Vacancies in the of- 
fices of mayor and recorder were filled by the al- 
dermen selecting one of their number, while in 
case of vacancy in any office whose incumbent was 
elected by the voters the mayor was directed to 
call, ** by advertisement or otherwise," a special 
election, giving at least five days' notice to the 
freeholders and inhabitants. Furthermore all 
liquor licenses were granted by common council. 

A striking similarity may be observed in a com- 
parison between the act creating the City of Tren- 
ton and the State constitution. There was the 
centralization of power in the hands of a select 
legislative body, responsible to no one in the exer- 
cise of its functions. The New Jersey constitution 
and the Trenton charter created special tribunals, 
the former making the governor and State council 
a court of appeals, and the latter vesting in the 



ONY AND AS A STAIE 



263 



mayor and aldermen of the city the powers of 
justices of the peace. Only minor officials were 
elected by the voters, as in the case of the State 
constitution. The prevailing spirit of one was the 
spirit of the other— the restriction of the franchise 
and the perpetuation of a privileged class. 

Under such conditions it was that Trenton be- 
came the capital of New Jersey and a city of the 
commonwealth. 

As Elizabethtown, the City of Elizabeth played 
so conspicuous a part in colonial affairs that no 
movement of a political, social, religious, or eco- 
nomic character in the Jerseys but had its ex- 
pression in the life of the village. In the Revolu- 
tion the barest mention of the names of those dis- 
tinguished in the patriot cause reflects every phase 
of that struggle. William Livingston and his 
home, '' Liberty Hall," Elias Boudinot, William 
Burnet, Jonathan Condit, Elias Dayton, Oliver 
Spencer, Matthias AVilliamson, Aaron Ogden, Will- 
iam de Hart, the Rev. James Caldwell, and Abra- 
ham Clark are but a part of that brilliant galaxy 
of Jerseymen. 

In 1789 the Legislature confirmed Elizabeth's 
borough charter, under which government the 
town continued its existence until 1855, when its 
city charter was granted. In 1812 one of the State 
banks was established in the town, and during the 
industrial activity preceding the panic of 1837 two 

m 




ELIZABKTHTOWN IN 1840. 
(From the Broad street bridgei.) 



264 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

new enterprises were chartered by the Legislature, 
the location of the '* plants " being in Elizabeth. 
One was the Elizabethtown Silk Manufacturing 
Company, the other the New Jersey Gum Elastic 
Manufacturing Company, in the years when experi- 
ments were being made with sewing machines, an 
enterprise which has given Elizabethport world- 
wide fame. 

Elizabeth has been distinctively a residential 
community, and it was in the city that the system 
of daily '' commuting " to New York found its 
earliest permanent manifestation. 

In matter of growth an interesting comparison 
may be made between Elizabeth and Trenton. In 
1820, when the federal census made the first re- 
turns for these cities, Trenton contained four thou- 
sand inhabitants, Elizabeth three thousand five 
hundred, and Newark six thousand five hundred. 
Until 1850 the growth of Elizabeth and Trenton 
was almost identical, but in 1860 Trenton, with 
an increase of one hundred and sixty-six per cent, 
during the previous decade, forged ahead. In 
1870 Trenton had twenty-three thousand, being 
two thousand more than Elizabeth. In 1880 Tren- 
ton contained thirty thousand, the excess over 
Elizabeth being about two thousand. In 1890, 
owing to the annexation of the contiguous bor- 
ough of Chambersburg and the Township of Mill- 
ham, Trenton forged ahead to fifty-seven thou- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



265 



sand, an increase of ninety-two per cent., while 
Elizabeth advanced to thirty-eight thousand. 
Trenton in 1900 had seventy-three thousand, Eliza- 
beth fifty-two thousand. 

The City of New Brunswick received its first 
incorporation in 1784, after nearly a century of ex- 
istence as a community strongly marked by char- 
acteristics of a group of Hollanders, who about 
1730 came from Albany, New York, and settled on 
the Raritan. This element gave to New Bruns- 
wick a type of life as respectable as it was con- 
servative. To-day the streets nearest the river, 
with their remnants of Dutch architecture, have a 
distinctive touch of the Old World spirit nowhere 
else to be found in the State. 

As the home of Rutgers College, the Theolog- 
ical Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, and 
the Grammar School, New Brunswick has been 
closely identified with the progress of secondary 
and higher education in America. After vicissi- 
tudes incident to the Revolutionary "War, and the 
lack of financial support, James Parker, of Perth 
Amboy, presented a plot of ground to Queen's Col- 
lege, upon which, in 1811, the main building of the 
college was completed. In 1825 the Legislature 
of the State, in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers, 
a patron of the institution, incorporated '* The 
Trustees of Rutgers College in New Jersey." 

New Brunswick grew slowly, and by 1840 had 




/ /l>rvu4 /U-^'*'^. 



266 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



only five thousand eight hundred and sixty in- 
habitants. A half century later the city had 
trebled its population, having eighteen thousand 
six hundred and three, which in 1900 had in- 
creased to twenty thousand and six. From 1840 
to 1870 New Brunswick was a point of distribu- 
tion. As the northern tidewater terminal of the 
Delaware and Raritan Canal, with extensive rail- 
road connections, her river trade was large. Later 
specialized industries, such as wall paper, rubber, 
and medical supplies, were established in the city. 
From the " Cooper Ferries " Camden, the me- 
,. tropolis of South Jersey, has grown from a mere 
hamlet to a position of importance. For nearly 
one hundred and fifty years, the few houses on 
the " Jersey shore " opposite Philadelphia, were 
the homes of plantation owners, the quiet of 
whose farms was broken only by the cry of the 
^Lt^x. /(/. Scuy**y/i/if£j^^^^ hunters, the snap of the duelling pistol, or 
/ ^^'^the music and dancing of pleasure parties who 
came '* over the river." With the construction of 
the Camden and Amboy, the West Jersey system, 
the Burlington County roads, and finally the Cam- 
den and Atlantic, Camden City, like Jersey City, 
spread beyond its confines, but, unlike Jersey City, 
was not hampered by marsh land and rocks. 
Manufacturing sites along the creeks, deep water, 
and speedy transportation attracted Philadelphia 
capital until, with the coming of great shipbuild- 




William Henry Campbell, president of RutgAri 
College 1S63-82; b. Baltimore, Md.. Sept 14, IMS; 
grad. Dickinson College 1828; licensed by the Secund 
Presbytery of New York 1831 ; principal Erasmus 
Hall, FlatbuRb, L. I., 1834-39 ; professor of Oriental 
Literature In Theological Seminary, New Briuuwick. 
N. J.. 1851-63 : d. there Sept 7, 1890. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 267 

ing interests, the city has developed with a rapid- 
ity that can best be told by figures. 

When the census enumerators set down the in- 
habitants of Camden in 1840 there were in the 
town three thousand four hundred residents. By 
1850 these had increased to nine thousand five 
hundred, a gain of one hundred and eighty-one por 
cent. In 1860 there were fourteen thousand, 
and in 1870 twenty thousand, in which year 
Camden, Hoboken, Elizabeth, and Trenton were 
of nearly the same population. But in 1880 Cam- 
den jumped to forty-one thousand, slackening this 
great percentage of growth by 1890 to fifty-eight 
thousand and in 1900 to seventy-six thousand, be- 
ing slightly larger than Trenton. 

Of the cities upon the seacoast the most notable 
is Atlantic City, a town combining the attractions 
of every known resort, yet unique. When the cen- 
sus was taken in 1860 Atlantic City had but seven 
hundred inhabitants, which by 1900 had increased 
to twenty-eight thousand. In the decade between 
1870 and 1880 the increase amounted to four hun- 
dred and twenty-five per cent., and from 1890 to 
1900 to one hundred and thirteen per cent. In 
this last decade, of the more important seaside 
resorts Cape May City, with two thousand five 
hundred inhabitants, had a permanent increase of 
only one hundred, although in the same county 
Holly Beach borough had increased one hundred 



268 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



per cent. Ocean City rose from four hundred and 
fifty to thirteen hundred, while Sea Isle City lost 
somewhat heavily. Upon the upper New Jersey 
coast Asbury Park is credited in 1900 with four 
thousand, Seabright borough with one thousand, 
while Long Branch town increased from seven 
thousand in 1890 to nine thousand in 1900. 

Exclusive of the incorporated cities in the State 
to which allusion has been made, some of the 
smaller cities have shown marked growth. Since 
1890 Perth Amboy, owing to the establishment of 
great industrial enterprises, has risen from nine 
thousand five hundred to seventeen thousand 
seven hundred ; the increase being largely foreign 
born. Bridgeton has grown during the same pe- 
riod from eleven thousand five hundred to four- 
teen thousand, East Orange from thirteen thou- 
sand to twenty-one thousand five hundred, Orange 
from nineteen thousand to twenty-four thousand, 
and Plainfield from eleven thousand to fifteen 
thousand. Of other smaller cities a number 
show little or no growth. These are Beverly, 
Bordentown, Burlington, Cape May, Egg Harbor, 
Gloucester, Larabertville, Millville, Rahway, 
Salem, and Woodbury. 

There are in the State of New Jersey one hun- 
dred and ninety incorporated cities, towns, bor- 
oughs, and villages, although of these sub-divis- 
ions one only possesses a village government — 




CENTRAL PART OP RAHWAV 
(From an old print, i 



ONY AND AS A STATE 269 

South Orange. In Bergen County the borough 
form of government is apparently the most popu- 
lar, as of fifty-four incorporated places thirty-six 
are boroughs. A similar proportion of boroughs 
may be found in Cape May County, where of four- 
teen incorporated places eight are boroughs, and 
all of which are seaside resorts. In all of Hudson 
County there are but two boroughs, containing 
but four thousand inhabitants. Mercer, Burling- 
ton, and Passaic Counties contain boroughs with 
but three thousand, and Cumberland County and 
Warren County but one thousand each. In popu- 
lation the boroughs of New Jersey embrace a wide 
range from Surf City in Ocean County, with its 
nine inhabitants, to North Plainfield, with five 
thousand population. 



CHAPTEB XVII 

The Growth of the Counties and thehi 
Capitals 



r 



HE development of the counties and 
the earlier phases of growth of their 
capitals show, as much as the story 
of the evolution of the great cities, 
the development of the State. The 
movement of population is not lacking in interest, 
in showing the changes that have taken place, by 
decade, during a period embracing the nineteenth 
century. 

Of the thirteen counties of which New Jersey 
was composed in 1790 Hunterdon, with its twenty 
thousand inhabitants, was the most populous, al- 
though Sussex was only slightly less inhabited. A 
group containing between sixteen thousand and 
eighteen thousand embraced Burlington, Essex, 
Middlesex, Monmouth, and Morris. Between ten 
thousand and thirteen thousand were Bergen, 
Gloucester, Salem, and Somerset. Cumberland 
had eight thousand and Cape May two thousand 
five hundred. 

In 1800 Hunterdon dropped to fourth place, be- 
ing slightly exceeded by Sussex, Essex, and Bur- 
gen, the most populous county being Sussex, with 
twenty-two thousand five hundred. In 1810, with 
twenty-six thousand inhabitants, Essex led the 
list. Following closely were to be found Bergen 
with twenty-five thousand, Hunterdon with twen- 
ty-four thousand five hundred, Sussex with twen- 
ty-five thousand five hundred, Monmouth with 

[Vol. 4] 



274 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



n 




twenty-two thousand, Morris with twenty-two 
thousand, and Middlesex and Gloucester each 
about twenty thousand. The increase of the re- 
maining counties had been slow. 

In 1820 Sussex County reached the zenith of 
growth in population. With thirty-two thousand 
SQyen hundred it attained the position of the most 
populous county in the State. Even Essex was 
two thousand less, and Burlington a thousand 
short of Essex. Hunterdon, however, had a popu- 
lation of twenty-eight thousand and Monmouth of 
twenty-five thousand. 

In the year 1830 a new element came into the 
calculations, namely, Warren County, which was 
reported as having a population of nineteen thou- 
sand. Its creation in 1824, from Sussex County, 
tended greatly to reduce the population of that 
territorial sub-division, throwing Sussex to twen- 
ty thousand. During the decade the increase in 
the County of Essex had been most marked. With 
its forty-two thousand inhabitants, of which twen- 
ty-five per cent, were in the City of Newark, it ex- 
ceeded by ten thousand its nearest rivals, Bur- 
lington, Hunterdon, and Monmouth. Gloucester 
since 1790 had succeeded in doubling its popula- 
tion; Salem and Somerset had in ten years but 
slightly increased. The tide was turning ; the new 
cities of East Jersey, although scarce commenced, 



b^' 




MUVVAlUv IN lik32. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 275 

were overshadowing in point of increase of popu- 
lation the rural counties. 

In the census of 1840 four new counties appear : 
Atlantic, cut off from Gloucester in 1837 ; Hudson, 
the southern part of Bergen, established in 1840; 
Mercer, comprising parts of Hunterdon, Burling- 
ton, Somerset, and Middlesex Counties, erected in 
1838, and Passaic, the northern portion of Essex 
County and the western part of Bergen County, or- 
ganized in 1837. In these new allotments Bergen 
County suffered heavily, being reduced in popula- 
tion from twentj^-two thousand five hundred in 
1830 to thirteen thousand in 1840. Atlantic, with 
its eight thousand five hundred inhabitants, re- 
duced Gloucester from twenty-eight thousand five 
hundred to twenty-five thousand five hundred. 
Hudson had about nine thousand five hundred 
people, of whom a third were in Jersey City. In 
the erection of Mercer County, which contained 
twenty-one thousand five hundred inhabitants, 
Hunterdon shrunk from thirty-one thousand to 
twenty-four thousand eight hundred. Of this dif- 
ference four thousand were in the City of Tren- 
ton. Essex, in spite of its growth, was visibly af- 
fected by the loss of Passaic and by the disasters 
of the panic of 1837, increasing but two thousand 
five hundred during the decade. From 1830 to 
1840 Burlington, Cumberland, Morris, Salem, 
Somerset, and Sussex remained almost stationary. 



276 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




Middlesex lost about one thousand, and Cape May, 
after half a century had succeeded with five thou- 
sand three hundred inhabitants in doubling her 
population, the same being true of Monmouth 
with thirty-three thousand people. 

The enumeration of 1850 presents in the status 
of Essex and Hudson Counties some striking con- 
trasts. From forty-five thousand Essex had 
leaped in ten years to seventy-four thousand ; Hud- 
son with twenty-two thousand had more than 
doubled its population. Passaic County, in an 
increase of four thousand, showed the influence of 
Paterson. Two new counties— Camden, estab- 
lished in 1844, and Ocean, in 1850— had drawn 
largely from Gloucester and Monmouth Counties, 
from which they were respectively set off. Cam- 
den County commenced life with twenty-five thou- 
sand five hundred inhabitants, Gloucester there- 
by having been reduced from twenty-five thousand 
five hundred to fourteen thousand five hundred, 
having in 1850 but slightly more population than 
she had in 1790. There were ten thousand people 
in the new County of Ocean. The seashore Coun- 
ties of Atlantic and Cape May remained almost 
stationary. Of Mercer's growth during the decade 
from twenty-one thousand five hundred to twenty- 
eight thousand, Trenton furnished two thousand 
five hundred. Morris, owing to the completion of 
the Morris Canal and the development of the iron 




OLD MONM' 



KT HOnSK. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 277 

mines, increased five thousand in population. 
Warren and Sussex were equal in population— 
twenty-three thousand. 

The decade between 1850 and 1860 was made 
conspicuous by the creation of a new county, 
Union, formed in 1857, which was created from 
Essex and Middlesex, and started its territorial 
existence with twenty-eight thousand inhabitants, 
of which about eleven thousand five hundred were 
in the City of Elizabeth. In spite of such a drain 
Essex County advanced from seventy-four thou- 
sand to ninety-nine thousand, Newark in the same 
period increasing thirty-three thousand. Hudson 
County advanced from twenty-two thousand to 
sixty-three thousand, practically triplicating its 
population. The overflowing of people from New 
York City increased Bergen County from fourteen 
thousand five hundred to twenty-one thousand five 
hundred ; Camden also felt the same influence from 
Philadelphia and gained ten thousand. Mercer, 
with thirty-seven thousand five hundred, had also 
gained ten thousand, which was Monmouth's in- 
crease. Passaic had about six thousand five hun- 
dred new inhabitants to her credit. The rural 
counties made normal gains. 

The period from 1860 to 1870, in spite of the dis- 
tractions of the Civil War, marked stupendous 
growths in those counties of East Jersey lying 
within the metropolitan area, even then well de- 



278 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

fined. Hudson doubled its population, having 
reached in 1870 the total of one hundred and twen- 
ty-nine thousand. Essex, with one hundred and 
forty-four thousand, had increased forty-five thou- 
sand, Bergen had reached thirty thousand, Pas- 
saic had gained fifteen thousand. Union four- 
teen thousand, Morris eight thousand, while Mid- 
dlesex had ten thousand additional population. 
Camden showed a gain of eleven thousand. Typi- 
cal rural counties such as Salem, Somerset, and 
Sussex, whose populations ranged between twen- 
ty-three thousand and twenty-four thousand, had 
gained but little, while Sussex had actually lost. 
Cumberland, however, owing to the development 
cf Vineland, Millville, and Bridgeton, had gained 
twelve thousand, Gloucester and Hunterdon each 
about three thousand, and Warren six thousand. 

The closing quarter of the century is distin- 
guished by three characteristics. One finds the 
marvelous growth of the greater and lesser metro- 
politan areas, the territory of New Jersey affected 
by the contiguity of New York City and Philadel- 
phia; the development of the seacoast counties, 
and the practical stagnation of the distinctively 
rural counties. Of the counties within the New 
York metropolitan area Bergen rose between 
1870 and 1900 from thirty thousand to seventy- 
eight thousand, and of all counties in the State 
between 1890 and 1900 Bergen, with sixty-six and 



ONY AJS'D AS A iSTATE 279 



one-tenth per cent., had the largest percentage of 
increase. Essex advanced from one hundred and 
forty-four thousand in 1870 and one hundred and 
ninety thousand in 1880 to two hundred and fifty- 
six thousand in 1890, and to three hundred and 
sixty thousand in 1900— a brilliant record of 
growth eclipsed by that of Hudson County, which 
by 1890 had doubled its population of 1870, then 
one hundred and thirty thousand, with three hun- 
dred and eighty-six thousand in 1900. Essex's and 
Hudson's increase between 1890 and 1900 was 
forty per cent. From 1870 to 1900, the growth of 
Union County was less dramatic, ranging between 
forty-two thousand and one hundred thousand. 
Passaic during these thirty years increased from 
forty-six thousand five hundred to one hundred and 
fifty-five thousand, and Middlesex County from 
forty-five thousand to eighty thousand. Morris 
added twenty-two thousand to her population of 
1870. Briefly and generally stated, in the Coun- 
ties of Bergen, Passaic, Morns, Essex, Hudson, 
Middlesex, and Union, comprising the area of di- 
rect New York metropolitan influence, are to be 
found three-fifths of the residents of New Jersey. 
The lesser metropolitan area, that of Philadel- 
phia, is much less definite in its direct boundaries. 
By implication it may be made to include all of 
Southern and Central New Jersey, although the 
New York influence is strong in Atlantic City and 




280 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

along the " shore " of Ocean County, and is felt in 
Vineland and Bridgeton. Trenton marks the 
point of separation between the influences of New 
York and Philadelphia, although the towns of the 
Delaware Valley between Trenton and Phillips- 
burg are in closer touch with Philadelphia than 
with New York City. Warren and Sussex Coun- 
ties are unassociated, however, with Philadelphia. 

Strictly speaking the metropolitan area of Phila- 
delphia embraces Burlington County, Trenton in 
Mercer County, Camden, Gloucester, Cape May, 
and Salem Counties, and a large portion of Cum- 
berland County, together with Atlantic City. In 
cities, towns, and villages within these counties 
there are those who daily transact business in 
Philadelphia, are in fact of the well-defined '^ com- 
muter " class. It has been from 1870 that the in- 
fluence of Philadelphia has been felt most directly, 
as it has only been within the past thirty years 
that Philadelphians have sought residences in 
New Jersey. 

From 1870 to 1890 Mercer County has doubled 
its population, increasing from forty-six thousand 
to ninety-five thousand, of which in 1890 there 
were seventy-three thousand in Trenton. Bur- 
lington County -has increased bat four thousand 
five hundred in these thirty years, and from 1890 
to 1900 has actually lost. Camden County has 
risen since 1870 from forty-six thousand to one 



ONY AND AS A STATE 281 

hundred and seven thousand five hundred, Glouces- 
ter County from twenty-one thousand five hun- 
dred to thirty-two thousand, Cumberland County 
from thirty-four thousand five hundred to fifty- 
one thousand, and Salem County from twenty-four 
thousand to twenty-five thousand five hundred. 
Thus it may be said that, excluding that portion 
of Mercer County outside of Trenton, in Burling- 
ton, Camden, Gloucester, Salem, and Cumberland 
Counties, together with Atlantic City, one-fifth of 
the people of New Jersey are within the Phila- 
delphia metropolitan area. 

The coastwise Counties of Cape May, Atlantic, 
Ocean, and Monmouth have developed by no 
means regularly between 1870 and 1900. Thus 
Atlantic County, under the inspiration of Atlantic 
City, doubled its population between 1870 and 
1890, and from the latter year with twenty-nine 
thousand inhabitants reached forty-six thousand 
five hundred in 1900. Cape May County in these 
thirty years rose from eight thousand to thirteen 
thousand, and Ocean County from thirteen thou- 
sand to nineteen thousand, a growth largely 
stimulated by the development of Lakewood be- 
tween 1890 and 1900. Monmouth rose from forty- 
six thousand to eighty-two thousand in the thirty 
years, increasing eighteen per cent, from 1890 to 
1900. 

The counties not included in the metropolitan 



282 NEW JEUSEY AS A COL 

areas or in the seashore list are largely rural. 
Their growth has been slow, Hunterdon in 1900, 
with thirty-four thousand six hundred, having lost 
two and four-tenths per cent, since 1900, and hav- 
ing but a thousand more than in 1860. Somerset, 
with thirty-three thousand, has gained ten thou- 
sand since 1870, while Sussex, with twenty-four 
thousand, has made a slight gain since 1890, al- 
though the county still has less population than in 
1820. Warren County shows three and four-tenths 
per cent, increase since 1890, having thirty-eight 
thousand inhabitants against thirty-six thousand 
five hundred, both in 1880 and 1890. 

The county capitals, outside the large cities of 
Newark, Jersey City, Elizabeth, Paterson, New 
Brunswick, Trenton, and Camden, may be grouped 
by similarities in social and industrial conditions. 
Those of the three coast counties. Cape May, At- 
lantic, and Ocean, fall under one division. Of 
these Cape May Court House, the county seat of 
Cape May, first appears in history in 1705, when 
the grand jury of the county decided to build a 
small jail '' upon the Queen's Highway, eastward- 
ly of Gravelly Run." Stocks and whipping posts 
were ordered at the same time. Previous to 1705 
county affairs were transacted at the whaling set- 
tlement of Cape Town or Town Bank, a location 
since swept away by the encroaching waters of the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 283 

sea. Subsequently the ' * Court House ' ' was known 
as Middletown, but return was made to the pres- 
ent designation. 

May's Landing, the town of John May, was cre- 
ated the county capital upon the erection of At- 
lantic County. It was a place of trade, the center 
of those industries characteristic of the '* Pines,'* 
and, like Tom's River, the county capital of Ocean, 
had a large seafaring population. 

Of another group the shire towns of Cumber- 
land, Gloucester, Salem, Burlington, and Mon- 
mouth were similar. 

In its early and comparatively rapid growth 
Bridgeton, shortly after the Revolutionary War, 
attained the distinction of being the most active 
town in the southern portion of New Jersey. By 
the close of the second war with England water 
power had been employed by the iron industries 
centering at the ** Bridge," while in 1816 the Cum- 
berland Bank came into existence. In 1836 came 
the Bridgeton Glass Company, and by 1839 two 
fire companies had come into existence. The city 
was incorporated in 1864. 

In 1787 the inhabitants of the Township of 
Deptford were authorized to build a market house 
in the main street of Woodbury. In 1854 Wood- 
bury was incorporated as a borough, having 
grown under measures taken to improve the navi- 
gation of the creek and in the establishment of 



284 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

easy conununication with Philadelphia. In 1870 
Woodbury was chartered as a city. Like Salem 
and Mount Holly, Woodbury was the center of a 
number of small industries, but, being nearer 
Philadelphia than the other towns of the group, 
earlier became a residential town for those who 
sought homes in New Jersey. It may be said of 
all the shire towns in the two groups that the 
type of social life was affected by manners and 
customs of the South, this being still particularly 
noticeable in Salem. 

Founded in 1676, it was during the three dec- 
ades of the nineteenth century that the ancient 
city of Salem was the most active town south of 
Burlington, and a formidable rival of Bridgeton. 
In 1822 the Salem Steam Mill and Banking Com- 
pany and in 1825 the Salem Steam Mill and Manu- 
facturing Company were incorporated. In the lat- 
ter year two fire companies were also incorpo- 
rated. In the later fifties gas and water were in- 
troduced into the city, Salem being chartered in 
1858. 

Mount Holly, the county capital of Burlington, 
has no separate government, being a part of the 
Township of Northampton. In spite of the lack 
of autonomy Mount Holly became a center of im- 
portance early in the last century. With the or- 
ganization of the Farmers Bank in 1815 Mount 
Holly extended its influence to Tnckerton, Wood- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



285 



bury, Freehold, and Trenton. For all the bog iron 
industries in the '* Pines *' the village was the 
center. Before the opening of the Civil War two 
fire companies, an insurance company, and water, 
gas, and telegraph companies had been organ- 
ized, and efforts had been made to curb and pave 
the streets. For the benefit of Mount Holly there 
had been passed an act— which legislation char- 
acterized the development of nearly every town in 
New Jersey,— a statute preventing swine and 
animals from runing at large in the public streets. 

Freehold, the shire town of Monmouth County, 
in 1869, under the provisions of an act for the im- 
provement of the town, felt the spirit of progress 
characteristic of the period. Twelve years pre- 
viously a gas light company had been organized, 
while as early as 1837 the Monmouth Insurance 
Company had been incorporated, a fact in itself 
indicative of the prominence that Freehold en- 
joyed as a center of county life. 

The remaining group of county capitals, lying in 
the northern portion of the State, are Fleming- 
ton, Hunterdon County ; Belvidere, Warren Coun- 
ty; Somerville, Somerset County; Morristown, 
Morris County; and Hackensack, Bergen County... 

Between 1850 and the opening of the Civil War'-;^ 
Flemington enjoyed a large measure of prosperity^-i; 
Copper mining near the village, the establishment;:! 
of a bank in 1855, with gas light and water com-;i( 



■'V'i» 




THE COUNTY BUILDINGS AT FLEMINGTON IN IMO. 



28G 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




panies chartered in 1859, were evidences of prog- 
ress. In 1870 an act for the improvement of the 
town was passed. 

Belvidere was incorporated in 1845, although as 
early as 1828 a manufacturing company had been 
located in the town and in 1830 the Belvidere Bank 
had been chartered. 

The advantageous position of Somerville made it 
a distinctively manufacturing community. When 
the Somerville Water Power Company came into 
existence, in 1840, there had been incorporated in 
the town an aqueduct company, in 1807, a manu- 
facturing and a mining company, and a plant for 
making pins and types. Between 1840 and 1860 
such enterprises as rope and bagging, cotton and 
woolen, and gutta percha were located in the vil- 
lage. In 1863 an act for the improvement of Som- 
erville was passed, gas having been introduced in 
1853. 

The incorporation of Morristown in 1865 fol- 
lowed late in the period of permanent growth of 
the community. In 1799 the Aqueduct company 
had come into existence, followed in 1812 by the 
State Bank. In 1836 came the Morris County 
Bank and in 1862 the Morristown Bank. By 1856 
gas was used, while nearly twenty years before 
a fire engine company had been incorporated. And 
to the credit of Morristown it may be said that 
the machinery of the '' Savannah," the first steam- 





THE FIRST TELEGRAPH LINE. 




ONY AND AS A STATE 2b7 

ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, was constructed 
at the Vail Works at Speedwell, near Morristown, 
in 1825, while the first successful experiments 
with the electro-magnetic telegraph, based upon 
the discoveries of Professor Henry, of Princeton 
College, were made by Vail and Morse at Speed- 
well Works, in 1838. 

Although the Sussex Bank had been established 
at Newton as early as 1818 it was not until 1864 
that Newton was incorporated. In 1850 the Legis- 
lature chartered the fire department, the gas com- 
pany coming into existence in 1860. 

With the act of 1853, authorizing the inhabit- 
ants to enclose the public green, an era of public 
improvements was inaugurated in Hackensack. 
Three years thereafter the citizens were given leg- 
islative right to improve their sidewalks. In 1861 
a gas light company was incorporated, in 1864 
the fire department was chartered, and in 1869 
the water company came into being. Further 
stimulus was given the development of the town 
by the incorporation, in 1868, of the Improvement 
Commission, while in 1870 the Bergen County Sav- 
ings Bank received its charter. The town now has 
three or four banks and trust companies. But it 
takes greater pride in the handsome Johnson Pub- 
lic Library building, costing nearly $70,000, the 
gift in 1901 of First Assistant Postmaster-General 
William M. Johnson. 



CHAPTER S:VTII 
New Jkbsey and Hrs Public Schools 



£VoL 4] 



F 



^ROM the time of the colony with its 
haphazard methods of education the 
State of New Jersey moved slowly 
toward a plan of governmental con- 
trol of public education. Many years 
were to elapse ere the doctrine became prevalent 
that the State '' owes " its children an education, 
years in which men who fought for some uniform- 
ity in methods of instruction and State aid were 
regarded as visionary if not fanatical. In the evo- 
lutionary growth positive signs of future develop- 
ment appear in the period between the close of the 
Revolution and the opening of the new century. 
As early as 1783 ** an act for the promotion and 
encouragement of literature ' ' was passed, while in 
1794 a statute provided for the incorporation of 
trustees, not exceeding seven, who were empow- 
ered to organize societies for the advancement of 
learning. Under this act several academies, some 
of which are still existent, were organized, while 
others received special charters. Among these in- 
stitutions were the academies at Hackensack and 
Trenton, while later academies were established in 
Belleville, Bridgeton, Newark, and Paterson. 

The actual beginnings of the public school sys- 
tem, as pointed out in Dr. David Murray's *' His- 
tory of Education in New Jersey," began as early 
as 1803. In that year there was reprinted in Tren- 
ton an edition of Thomas Jefferson's '' Notes,'' 



292 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

wherein, for Virginia, was urged a three-grade 
system of public schools. Among men in New Jer- 
sey to whom Jefferson's arguments appealed with 
great force was John Parker, of Perth Amboy, 
who from 1806 to 1819, with the exception of on© 
year, represented Middlesex County in the House 
of Assembly. During that period he continually 
urged the cause of popular education, and after 
the defeat of several plans saw the goal gained, 
when upon the 5th of February, 1817, there was 
introduced in the Legislature '* An act to create 
a fund for the support of free schools," which 
passed the House of Assembly on the 11th of that 
month and Council upon the following day. The 
statute was hedged in by a provision, adopted in 
the constitution of 1844, that the school fund was 
to be sacredly devoted to the purposes intended, 
and not subject to legislative borrowing, appro- 
priation, or use for any other object, and its con- 
trol was placed in the hands of the governor, the 
vice-president of Council, the speaker of the House 
of Assembly, the attorney-general, and the secre- 
tary of state. Certain United States bonds, bank 
stocks, and other securities were set apart for the 
fund. In 1871 the moneys received from the sale 
and rental of lands under water owned by the 
State were made a part of the fund, which now 
amounts to three million seven hundred thousand 
dollars. The fund is under the control of the 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



293 



''Trustees of the Fund for the Support of Free 
Schools," the board being composed of the gov- 
ernor, attorney-general, secretary of state, state 
comptroller, and state treasurer. 

In 1820 the Legislature authorized the several 
townships to levy a tax for the education of ' * such 
poor children as are paupers, belonging to the said 
township, and the children of such poor parents, 
resident in said township, as are or shall be, in 
the judgment of said committee, unable to pay 
for schooling the same." This law remained in 
force for some years, being amended from time to 
time and in such a manner as to provide for free 
schools for such time as the moneys received from 
the school fund and from local taxation would 
permit, and allowing tuition fees for the remain- 
der of the year. Under the stimulus of the law of 
1820 the American Bible and New Jersey Mission- 
ary Societies also engaged in an educational 
propaganda which included the building of 
schools and the hiring of teachers. These organi- 
zations employed an agent to gather statistics con- 
cerning illiteracy in the State and to arouse public 
sentiment. 

It was in the latter part of 1828 that, in response 
to a call, " friends of education " met in Trenton. 
In a widely circulated report, the data for which 
were secured by Chief Justice Charles Ewing, 
Canal Commissioner John Neely Simpson, and 




JtocaxLo^ 



294 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 




United States Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, as 
well as by local sub-committees, most of the coun- 
ties were treated in detail. From this report it is 
learned that in 1828 Morris probably enjoyed more 
than any other county " the advantages and bless- 
ings of education. ' ' It was a lamentable fact that 
there were in New Jersey no less than twelve thou- 
sand children destitute of instruction, while to 
remedy the general evil of incompetent instractors 
a member of the Essex County sub-committee rec- 
ommended the establishment of a normal school 
for the special training of teachers. The contest 
for a system of popular education then broadened. 
For nearly thirty years came the demand for 
teachers especially trained, and it was in 1855 
that the State Normal School was established in 
Trenton. With it was created a Model School, in 
which the normal students, pledging themselves 
to teach for two years after graduation, find an 
opportunity for practice teaching. At Beverly 
shortly before the opening of the Civil War the 
Farnum Preparatory School was presented to the 
State by virtue of the provisions of the will of Paul 
Farnum. Another State educational institution 
is the School for the Deaf, which is located in 
Trenton, and which was established in 1882. Prior 
to that date the deaf children of New Jersey were 
educated at the expense of the State in institu- 
tions in N^vf Jork and Pennsylvania. 




<%K> 



Was-'^ ■ -S^--':- ■' ■ •■...'.■>-v., 

.si^~''yiiw...'i''''"' •■■■" ■ 



THE OLD SCHOOL HOUSE AT BASKING UIDOK 



< 

m 




OJSY AND AS A STATE 295 



The Manual Training and Industrial School for 
Colored Youth, located at Bordentown, was estab- 
lished in 1894, and was under the care of a sepa- 
rate board of trustees. In 1900 it was placed un- 
der the care of the State board of education. It 
was not until 1871 that legislation was had provid- 
ing for a State school tax, and making the schools 
absolutely free to all the children in the State of 
New Jersey. 

As delineated by J. Brognard Betts, in the 
'* New Jersey Hand Book," the school system of 
New Jersey, as at present established, consists of 
a State board of education, appointed by the gov- 
ernor, which board appoints the county superin- 
tendents of schools, makes rules for the holding of 
teachers' institutes, the examination of teachers, 
and for carrying into effect the school laws of the 
State. 

The State superintendent of public instruction, 
an office created in 1846, has general supervision 
over the schools, and by law is made a court of 
private jurisdiction, having the power to investi- 
gate and decide, subject to appeal to the State 
board of education, all disputes that arise under 
the school laws, and may enforce his decision by 
withholding all school moneys from the district 
until his decision has been obeyed. 

The county superintendents have supervision 
over the schools in their respective counties, ap- 



296 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

portion the school moneys, license teachers, and, 
together with the local boards of education, pre- 
scribe the courses of study for their respective 
counties. 

The entire State is divided into school districts, 
each city, town, and township constituting a sepa- 
rate district. There are two classes of districts. 
The first class includes the cities and large towns. 
In these districts members of the boards of educa- 
tion may be appointed by the mayor or elected by 
the people. The second class includes the town- 
ships and small boroughs. In these districts the 
members of the boards of education are elected and 
all appropriations are made by direct vote of the 
people. 

The Legislature, recognizing the value of man- 
ual training, passed a law in 1881 providing that 
whenever a school district established a manual 
training school, or added manual training to the 
course of study pursued in the public schools of 
the district, the State would appropriate each year 
an amount equal to the sum raised in the district 
for that purpose, provided that the total annual 
appropriation by the State to a district should not 
exceed five thousand dollars. 

The State gives to each school annually ten dol- 
lars, provided such school raises a like sum, to be 
used for the purchase of apparatus or to maintain 
a library for the use of the pupils; also to each 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



297 



county a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars 
annually, upon like conditions, for the purpose of 
providing pedagogical libraries for the use of the 
teachers. 

In order that the health of the children may be 
protected the law provides that all school houses 
shall have at least eighteen square feet of floor 
space and two hundred cubic feet of air space per 
pupil; that the light area must equal at least 
twenty per cent, of floor space ; that there must be 
an approved system of ventilation; and that tlie 
light must be ad/nitted only from the left and rcnr 
of classrooms. In order that these provisions of 
the law shall be obeyed all plans for school houses 
must be submitted to the State board of education 
for approval. Each district is also authorized to 
employ a medical inspector, whose duty it shall be 
to look after the sanitary condition of the school 
property, to inspect the pupils, and to give instruc- 
tion to the teachers. 

The constitution provides that the State shall 
provide free education for all children between 
the ages of five and eighteen years, but the Legis- 
lature, recognizing the value of kindergarten and 
higher education, has provided that children be- 
tween the ages of four and twenty years may be 
admitted to the public schools. 

Funds for the support of public schools are de- 
rived from five sources, viz.: State school fund. 




Abraham Ooloe, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D.. b. Scotch 
Plains. N. J., Dec. aS, 1S13 ; gracl. Jcfferuon Medical 
College, Philadelphia, 1S36 ; practiced In Newark; 
became a dieitingulshed author and tranHlator, not 
aWjr of "Diets Irae," "The Microcosm," "Old Oems 
in New Bettings," " The Evangel," etc. ; d. near 
Uoaiercy. Cal., May 8, 1691. 



298 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

State fund, State school tax, interest of surplus 
revenue, and local tax. The appropriation from 
the State school fund amounts to two hundred 
thousand dollars per annum. 

Aside from the public school system the acade- 
mies and secondary schools of New Jersey have 
given the State prominence as an educational cen- 
ter in America. Considered by counties, a plan 
followed in a recent monograph issued by the 
United States bureau of education, schools of 
eminence in Bergen have been the Bergen Colum- 
bia Academy, 1790-1813; Lafayette Academy, 
1825-1853; and Washington Academy, 1769-1871. 

In Burlington City, as early as 1722, Bishop 
Talbot urged the establishment of a free school, 
and it is greatly to the credit of the Episcopalians 
that both Saint Mary's Hall, a school for girls, 
founded in 1837, and Burlington College, for boys, 
chartered in 1846, were under the auspices of that 
denomination. In Mount Holly the Lancaster sys- 
tem of teaching was introduced at the old acad- 
emy. 

Cumberland County has at Bridgeton both the 
West Jersey Academy, opened in 1854 under Pres- 
byterian auspices, and the South Jersey Institute, 
incorporated in 1866. 

In 1792 the famous Newark Academy was 
opened in Essex County, while a number of pri- 
vate institutions are located in the towns nearby. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 299 



In Hudson County the Hasbrouck Institute, es- 
tablished in 1856, and the Hoboken Academy, 
chartered in 1860, are prominent. At Hoboken is 
located the Stevens Institute of Technology, 
opened in 1871 through the munificence of Edwin 
A. Stevens, who by will richly endowed a prospec- 
tive institution of learning. 

In Mercer, in the city of Trenton, was located an 
academy founded in 1781, and continued until 
1885. Here are established the Normal School 
and its adjunct, the Model School. Near the city 
in Lawrenceville, is the Lawrenceville School, 
which is one of the three leading preparatory 
schools of the United States, and which was mag- 
nificently endowed by the trustees of the estate of 
the late John C. Green. At Hightstown is located 
Peddie Institute, under the auspices of the Baptist 
Church, its endowment being largely the gifts of 
the late Thomas B. Peddie and Mrs. Peddie, of 
Newark ; and at Pennington is a famous seminary 
under the control of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

Monmouth County has had in Freehold the 
academy founded in 1831, the Boys' Institute, es- 
tablished in 1847, and the Young Ladies' Semi- 
nary, created in 1844, while Morris County has had 
academies in Morristown and Succasunna, beside 
many private schools. 

At Somerville, in Somerset County, an academy 




^ flfflL 






300 NEW JEKSEY AS A COLONY 

was founded in 1801, while a similar institution 
was erected in Bound Brook in 1800. 

In Warren County are the Blair Presbyterial 
Academy, at Blairstown, the gift of the late John 
I. Blair, which school was originally established 
in 1848, and the Centenary Collegiate Institute of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church, located at Hack- 
ettstown. The institute was dedicated' in 1874. 

The theological seminaries in the State are 
those of the Reformed Church in America, located 
at New Brunswick, the Princeton Theological 
Seminary, the Drew Theological Seminary at Mad- 
ison, and the German Theological School of 
Newark. 



CHAPTER XIX 

New Jebsby's Topoqeaphy and Economic 
Gbology 

Ootitrttiated by J«hu C. 8»M>k, from » iM<>uo«r*(>h in ' er»w J«raey Handbook." 



THE State of New Jersey, practically 
lying between 39° and 41 1-3° of 
latitude and 74° and 75^° of longi- 
tude, has an extreme length of one 
hundred and sixty-six miles and an 
extreme breadth of fifty-seven miles. Within this 
area are 8,224 square miles, of which the land sur- 
face is about 4,810,000 acres, the water surface 
455,000 acres. Of the upland as distinguished 
from tide marsh, but including all swamp and 
fresh meadows, there are practically 4,500,000 
acres. Nearly 300,000 acres are tide marsh, and 
18,000 acres represent the beach (coastal dune) 
formation. 

It is a curious fact that, in spite of nearly three 
centuries of human occupancy by members of the 
Caucasian race, with all the vast influence of the 
contiguity of metropolitan centers, there are in 
forest, in lots of ten acres and upwards, 2,070,000 
acres, with only 2,000,000 acres of improved land 
in farms. The entire acreage of cleared upland 
amounts to 2,425,000 acres. Briefly it will be no- 
ticed that the forest area exceeds one-half of the 
acreage of improved farm land, due largely to the 
presence of the vast afforested tracts in the coastal 
plain and the Appalachian zone. 

By geologists New Jersey is characterized as 
being on the Atlantic slope of the continent and 
is divided into four topographic zones : 1, the Ap- 



304 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

palachian zone, including the Kittatinny Moun- 
tain and the Kittatinny Valley ; 2, the Highlands ; 
3, the red sandstone or Triasoic area; 4, the 
coastal plain. These divisions are based on both 
the geology and the topography, the geologic 
structure and the topographic features being 
closely related and explanatory of the surface con- 
figuration and conditions. 

The Appalachian zone includes the Kittatinny 
or Blue Mountain, and the Kittatinny Valley oc- 
cupying the northwestern portion of the State. 
This level-topped and narrow range is rough, 
rocky, and heavily wooded, and extends across 
New Jersey from the New York State line, where 
it is known as the Shawangunk Mountain, to the 
Delaware River at the Delaware Water Gap. At 
High Point, near the northernmost point of the 
State, it is 1,804 feet high, which is the greatest 
elevation of the State. The Kittatinny Valley, ten 
to thirteen miles wide, is shut in by the Kittatinny 
Mountain on the northwest and by the Highlands 
on the southeast. It is characterized by high, roll- 
ing hiUs and minor valleys, pleasing landscapes 
and beautiful farming country. This valley is con- 
tinuous, on the northeast, with the valley of 
Orange County in New York, and to the southwest 
stretches away into the great Cumberland Valley 
of the Atlantic slope of the continent. 

The Highlands cross New Jersey in a general 



ONY AND AS A STATE 305 

north-northeast and south-southwest direction. 
The surface of this zone is hilly-mountainous, and 
is made up of several parallel ridges, separated by 
deep and generally narrow valleys. The latter are 
like the Kittatinny Valley— smooth— and are 
largely cleared and in farms. The mountain 
ranges are remarkably uniform in height. This 
division may be considered as a seaward-sloping 
tableland, whose northwest side has an elevation 
of one thousand to fifteen hundred feet above the 
ocean and its southeastern side six hundred to 
nine hundred feet above the sea. In the northern 
part there are several well-known lakes elevated 
amid the mountains— Hopatcong, Greenwood, 
Macopin, Splitrock, Green, Wawayanda, and 
Budd's being the more important of these natural 
upland sheets of water. 

The red sandstone plain or Triasoic area, also 
called the Piedmont Plain, on its northern border 
is bounded by the Highlands. On the southeast 
this third great topographic zone merges into the 
clays and marls of the coastal plain. It is sixty- 
seven miles long and thirty miles wide at the 
Delaware River. The trap-rock ridges, known as 
Palisades, Watchung, Sourland, Cushetunk, and 
other mountain ranges, rise abruptly above the 
general level of the sandstone plain. They are 
generally forested, whereas the sandstone country 
is nearly cleared and in farms. These mountains 

[Vol. 4] 



306 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

rise four hundred to nine hundred feet above sea 
level. The drainage is largely by the Hackensack, 
Passaic, and Raritan Rivers and their tributaries. 
The last of the zones, known as the coastal 
plain, includes all the country southeast of the 
Triasoic sandstone area and borders the ocean. 
This zone is one hundred miles long from Sandy 
Hook to Salem City and is ten to twenty miles 
wide. The surface is hilly in part, but with gentle 
slopes, except where some of the streams have 
cut their way through its earthly beds and formed 
steep-sided stream valleys. The Navesink High- 
lands and the Mount Pleasant hills are the high- 
est lands in this zone. The drainage is by many 
tributaries westward into the Delaware and by 
the Atlantic coast streams into the Atlantic 
Ocean. In the northwestern part of this zone 
there are clay beds and greensand marls, which 
make the outcrop on the surface in places ; on the 
southeast there are sands, clays, and gravels, and 
fringing the sea a narrow range of sand hills or 
coastal dunes. 

GEOLOGICAL FOEMATIONS 

In 1836 began the first geological survey of the 
State of New Jersey, which had been ordered by 
act of the Legislature during the preceding year. 
Both in 1836 and 1840, under the direction of the 



0\Y AND AS A STATE 307 

late Professor Henry D. Rogers, the results of this 
survey were published. In 1854 the survey was 
reorganized under the direction of former State 
Geologist William M. Kitchell. This survey was 
continued until 1857. Since 1864 the work of the 
survey has been uninterrupted, the late Pro- 
fessor George H. Cook being, by the act of organi- 
zation, constituted State geologist. The ye^^rly re- 
ports of the work of the survey indicate a close 
study of the geologic structure and intelligent 
mapping of the formations. 

In general the geologic structure of the State is 
so related to the topography that observations 
concerning the physical features give a satisfac- 
tory clue to such structure. All of the larger 
geological formations of the United States, except 
coal, occur in parallel zones, as has been indicated. 
These formations extend from northeast to south- 
west, and a section line across the State from Port 
Jervis southeast to the ocean crosses them nearly 
at right angles to their trend. The oldest geolog- 
ical formations in the State are the crystalline 
rocks of the Highlands. Granite, gneisses, and 
other crystalline schistose rocks and beds of mag- 
netic iron ore make up the mass of these mountain 
ranges. These rocks are generally much tilted in 
position, almost on edge, and are also much 
faulted. They strike northeast and southwest and 
dip to the southeast or northwest. The iron ores 



308 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

and zinc ores which are mined in the State are 
found in these formations. The granite, gneiss, 
and crystalline limestone or marble, used in build- 
ing, are also from these Highland formations. 

The Paleozoic rocks are found in the valleys in- 
eluded in the Highlands, in the Kittatinny Valley 
and Kittatinny Mountain, and in the Green Pond 
and Copperas Mountains. Cambrian, Silurian, 
and Devonian are represented, and the rocks are 
limestones, slates, sandstones, and siliceous con- 
glomerates. The magnesian limestones and the 
slates constitute wide belts in the Kittatinny Val- 
ley, the Musconetcong, Pohatcong, Pequest, and 
other valleys. The Kittatinny Mountain mass 
consists of sandstones and conglomerates of the 
Oneida and the Medina epochs of the Silurian age. 
In the valley of the Upper Delaware, west of this 
mountain, there are narrow belts of waterlime, 
Lower Helderberg and Upper Helderberg, fossil- 
iferous limestones, with Marcellus shale as the 
highest member of the Devonian within the State. 
The Green Pond Mountain rocks also have been 
refered to the Oneida horizon. The limestones 
and slates are the formations on which the rich 
wheat lands of Warren County and the dairy 
farms of Sussex are situated. Stone for building, 
slate for roofing and flagging stone, and limestone 
for lime and cement, are quarried in the Paleozoic 
areas. Copper, lead, and zinc ores, and barite, 



ONY AND AS A STATE 309 

limonite, or brown hematite, and glass sand have 
been worked in many localities. 

The red shales and sandstones and the included 
trap-rocks of the northern-central part of the 
State are referred to the Jura-Trias of Mesozoic 
time. The sandstone beds dip in general toward 
the northwest, at a low angle of inclination in the 
sandstone. The erupted trap-rocks form long 
ranges of steep-sloping hills or mountains, often 
crescentic in form. A great deal of excellent sand- 
stone for building and stone for road-making is 
quarried in this formation. Copper ores occur in 
the sandstone near the trap-rock or at their junc- 
tion. Barite also has been mined in the sandstone 
at one locality. 

The cretaceous rocks of the State include the 
clay district of Middlesex County and the green- 
sand marl developed in Monmouth County and 
thence southwest to Salem County. A large 
amount of clay is dug in the Raritan clay district. 
The green sand marl, dug in shallow pits general- 
ly, and in numberless localities, has had a wide 
use locally as a fertilizer. 

The formations of the coastal plain zone, later 
than the cretaceous beds, are greensand marls of 
the Eocene, clays and sands of the Miocene, and 
the clays, sands, and gravels of the Post Tertiary. 
They are recognized in a fourfold division, and 
are known as Beacon Hill, Bridgeton, Pensauken, 



310 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

and Cape May formations. Clays and sands for 
brick, terra-cotta, and pottery, marls for fertilizer, 
glass sands, and gravel for road-building are dug 
in these formations. 

In the northern part of the State there are sur- 
face formations of glacial epochs, and the ter- 
minal moraine of the last glacial ice is traced from 
Perth Amboy by Morristown and Hackettstown 
to Belvidere on the Delaware. 

Alluvial deposits of recent time are recognized 
in the river valleys and in the tidal marshes and 
in some of the fresh-water swamps. 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 

Of the iron-mining industry, largely located in 
Morris and Warren Counties, the magnetic iron 
ores form the basis. Of about seventeen active 
iron mines, in 1900, the output amounted to about 
342,000 gross tons, while the mines of limonite, or 
brown hematite, and of red hematite are not 
worked. Since the decline of the bog iron indus- 
try in the southern and central portions of the 
State such ores have had no market since the mid- 
dle of the last century. 

The output of zinc, in 1900, amounted to 195,000 
tons, the ores being red oxide, silicate, and frank- 
linite. The zinc deposits of Ogdensburg and 
Franklin Furnace in Sussex County are the most 



ONY AND AS A STATE 311 



famous, although other localities where zinc 
blende occurs have been exploited, but have not 
been developed into mines. 

Copper ores, usually of low grade, are widely 
distributed throughout the red sandstone zone. 
Lead, in the form of galena, has been mined in 
Sussex County. Arsenical and nickeliferous pyri- 
tes also occur, but not to any workable extent. 

Graphite is disseminated widely in the crystal- 
line schistose rocks of the Highlands. Mines have 
been opened and worked, irregularly, at Bloom- 
ingdale. High Bridge, and near Peapack. 

Molybdenum occurs in form of molybdic sul- 
phide at the Ogden mines and at the Hude mine, 
Sussex County, but is not worked. 

Barite has been found in quantity for mining 
near Newton, Sussex County, and at Hopewell, 
Mercer County. 

Clays are found throughout New Jersey. There 
are numerous beds of fire clay, stoneware or pot' 
ter's clay, and clay used in the manufacture of 
paper, terra-cotta, pipes, and bricks. The district 
at the mouth of the Raritan River produces, for 
its own establishments and more distant points, 
a vast tonnage of fire and ware clay. The large 
openings are near Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, 
Sand Hills, South Amboy, Sayreville, and Ches- 
quake. Clays for ware and for terra-cotta are ob- 
tained at various points, notably near Trenton and 



312 :new jeksey as a cul 

at Palmyra. Fire clays are found along the line 
of the New Jersey Southern Railroad, a large 
works being located at Winslow. 

Brick-earth, or brick-clay, is found in thick beds 
along the Raritan River and Raritan Bay, along 
the Delaware, on the Hackensack, and there are 
very large brickyards on these navigable, tidal 
waters, which make a large part of the brick used 
in structural work in New York and Philadel- 
phia. Fire-sand, kaolin, and feldspar, as well as 
fire-clay, are also dug extensively in the Raritan 
clay district and put into fire-brick. The supply 
of glass sand in the coastal plain is practically 
inexhaustible. 

Of building stone granite has been quarried at 
Charlottenburg in Morris County, and Pochuck 
Mountain in Sussex County. Gneisses, for heavy 
bridge work, are quarried at Dover. Sandstone 
quarries at Avondale, Newark, Paterson, Little 
Falls, Haledon, Stockton, and Greensburg, or Wil- 
burtha produce brownstone for cut work, while 
trap-rock, widely distributed and accessible to 
railroads and canals, has been most successfully 
used on State roads. 

The marbles of the State are not at present 
worked, while slate for roofing has been quarried 
at the Delaware Water Gap, and at Newton and 
Lafayette in Sussex County. Flagging-stone quar- 
ries are opened near Deckertown in Sussex Coun- 



ONY a:>d as a state 



ty, at Milford on the Delaware, and at Woods- 
ville in Mercer County. The Green Pond Monn- 
tain range also affords a flagstone. Limestone, 
suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement, 
is quarried extensively near Phillipsburg in War- 
ren County. Lime is made from limestone in large 
quantities at McAfee Valley, Sussex County, and 
at other points in the northern part of the State. 
The natural fertilizers, as greensand marl, white 
calcareous marls, muck, or peat, are common, 

MISCT FT .T.A X EOirS FOBMATIOXS 

Infusorial earth occurs in workable quantity 
near Drakesville, Morris County, while manganese 
ore has been mined near Clinton, Hunterdon Coun- 
ty. Two mines for mica have been opened, both 
in TTarren County, and steatite occurs in Marble 
Mountain, and in Jenny Jump Mountain in War- 
ren County. Apatite, with magnetite, makes a 
large deposit near Ferromont, Morris County. 



CHAPTER XX 
The PBBTn.E Fabms of New Jersey 




UCH support as the State and colony of 
New Jersey gave her agricultural in- 
terests previous to the opening of the 
Civil War was largely of indirect 
and generally unsatisfactory charac- 
ter. Such acts as were passed fall naturally un- 
ier certain well-defined classes. There was a long 
series of statutes offering rewards for the heads 
or pelts of wolves and other destructive animals, 
another list of acts prohibiting the firing of woods 
and meadows, while a third series embraced laws 
of a special character enabling owners of marsh 
[and to bank and drain their properties. It was 
Qot until the opening of the Eevolution that the 
falsing of sheep received the attention of the coun- 
ty committees of correspondence, unless the act of 
1775 to prevent rams from running at large be ex- 
cepted. One may search in vain for colonial laws 
creating bounties to be paid for the cultivation of 
Qew and useful crops— legislation which would 
probably have been throttled by the advisers of 
the King. 

One act of the immediate post Eevolutionary 
period has been quite forgotten, but which in its 
days promised a new era for the State. That it 
failed of its purpose was probably due to the ad- 
vent of the French Revolution, although the act 
itself shows that as cordial relations existed in 
1786 between New Jersey and the French people 



318 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



as later existed when Joseph Bonaparte cultivated 
his gardens in Bordentown. Upon March 3, 1786, 
the Legislature of the State of New Jersey passed 
an act enabling Andr^ Michaux, * * Botanist of His 
Most Christian Majesty," to purchase a tract of 
land not exceeding two hundred acres, to be ap- 
propriated to the sole ** Purposes of a Botanical 
Garden." Michaux, who was an alien and unable 
to hold land except by express act of the Legisla- 
ture, according to the preamble of the statutepiad 
been ** employed for several Years in the Investi- 
gation of natural Curiosities in Persia and other 
Parts of Asia." Commissioned by the King of 
France to travel through the United States and 
^* establish a botanical Intercourse and Corre- 
spondence " between France and the new repub- 
lic, Michaux was fully empowered to obtain from 
France, at the expense of the King, '' any Tree, 
Plant, or Vegetable that may be wanting " in the 
United States, and to send in exchange *' all the 
Curiosities which may serve to extend botanical 
Knowledge and increase the Enjoyments of the 
Gifts of Nature." Michaux desired to establish 
*' near Bergen " a botanical garden of about thirty 
acres " in order to make useful experiments with 
Eespect to Agriculture and Gardening," intend- 
ing, at that point, ** to make a Depository not only 
of French and American Plants, but of all other 




ONY AND AS A STATE 319 

Productions of the World, which may be drawn 
from the King's Garden at Paris." 

It was in 1855 that the Legislature passed an 
act directly promoting the agricultural interests 
of the State, while in 1840 the New Jersey State 
Agricultural Society was incorporated. In 1873 
the State board of agriculture was organized, its 
membership including representatives of all agri- 
cultural and horticultural societies, farmers' 
clubs, granges of the Patrons of Husbandry, and 
other agricultural associations. In the same year 
the State grange was founded, while the State 
Horticultural Society came into existence in 1875. 
With elaborate investigations and excellent re- 
ports, the State board of agriculture has extended, 
since 1890, its scope of influence by the organiza- 
tion of what are termed Farmers' institutes. In 
addition to these the county boards of agriculture, 
which are auxiliary to the State board and are 
peculiar to the New Jersey system, hold meetings 
quarterly or oftener throughout the year. 

Of many local agricultural societies in the State 
of New Jersey the earliest of which any record 
has been preserved is the '' Cumberland County 
Agricultural Society," which lived from 1821 to 
1827. In 1856 an agricultural and horticultural 
society was incorporated for that county. 

Throughout the southern portion of the State 
there were a large number of such organizations. 



320 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

In Atlantic County, in 1859, the German vint- 
ners were organized, the rights of which associa- 
tion in 1888 were merged into a society incorpor- 
ated in 1875. In 1860 Cape May County had an in- 
corporated agricultural association, and in 1871 a 
new society for that county was established. Salem 
County in 1854 had such an association, while the 
West Jersey Association, chartered in 1872, em- 
braced both that county and the County of 
Gloucester. The "Farmers' Association " of Cam- 
den County came into existence in 1872, while the 
'' People's " Society, in 1860, embraced the five 
counties in the old first congressional district. 

The Burlington County Association was incor- 
porated in 1852, although organized in 1847, while 
Ocean County had a similar organization in 1872. 
As early as 1838 Monmouth County had a short- 
lived Society, and in 1857 a new society was or- 
ganized. The first association of this character in 
Middlesex County was established in Jamesburg. 

In Mercer County Princeton had a society in 
1835. From this agricultural association in 1839 
a movement grew which led to the formation of 
the State society in 1840. The county association 
was incorporated in 1865. In 1867 the " Central " 
Association embraced the interests of this and 
nearby counties. 

Hunterdon County's Agricultural Society was 
incorporated in 1856, while Somerset's was char- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 321 

tered in 1855 and the " Franklin," of the latter 
county, in 1857. Morris in 1858, Sussex in the 
same year and reorganized in 1880, Warren in 
1859, Bergen in 1859, and Passaic in 1862 were the 
counties in which agricultural societies were in- 
corporated upon the respective dates, some of these 
having racetracks on their grounds. 

In 1867 Union and Middlesex Counties each had 
an incorporate society. The '' Essex County Socie- 
ty for the Promotion of Agriculture, Horticulture, 
and Manufactures," organized in 1844, became the 
** Essex County Institute " in 1847, while in 1864 
the agricultural society for the county was char- 
tered by the Legislature. In the latter year the 
Hudson County society was incorporated. 

New Jersey, with her diversified soils, early sup- 
plied the Philadelphia and New York markets. 
From the beginnings of "river trade" the sloops 
and shallops of the farmers of this State could be 
found at the wharves along the Delaware and 
Hudson. This was particularly noticeable by the 
year 1830, when the pressure of urban population 
had made by this time a demand for country prod- 
uce. From Bergen County, with a soil well 
adapted for vegetables, apples, and strawberries, 
Hackensack and Harrington supplied a part of 
the New York market, dairies being located 
in various parts of old Franklin township. So 
important had the industry become that as early 

[Vol. 4] 



322 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

as 1833 the New York and Bergen Dairy Company 
was chartered. From North Bergen came vege- 
tables, while the butter of Sussex County found a 
ready sale. 

Prom Salem County Philadelphia drew much of 
her supplies— wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, and 
vegetables. With the completion of the Camden 
and Amboy Railroad stimulus was given to 
farmers to turn from the cultivation of cereals 
and pork to market gardening. As early as 1838 
an occasional two-car train called the ' ' Pea line ' ' 
was run over the road from Camden to New York. 
During 1839 it ran daily, with such good results 
that the directors of the road, in 1840, reporting 
to the Legislature, proudly alluded to the fact that 
the train was frequently laden with peas, potatoes, 
asparagus, and live stock, ' ' and, ' ' continues the re- 
port, '' upon one occasion (as incredible as it may 
seem) 30 tons of green corn." 

Since that time the market for small fruits and 
vegetables has been vastly extended. Peaches are 
found in every portion of the State, the special 
area being northwest of a line beginning north of 
Trenton, thence to Summit, Caldwell, Pompton, 
and Ringwood. Of this section Sussex and Hun- 
terdon Counties lead. A conservative estimate 
places the value of the crop of 1900 at $1,100,000. 
Apples are produced with greatest profit in this 
area and in the western parts of Burlington and 



ONY AND AS A STATE 323 

Gloucester Counties. Monmouth, Camden, and 
parts of Burlington and Gloucester grow immense 
quantities of pears. 

Strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries are 
stimulated to profitable production wherever a 
nearby market is found, but the large commer- 
cial acreage of these fruits is in Cumberland, At- 
lantic, and Salem Counties. The large plantations 
of cranberries are chiefly within Ocean and east- 
ern Burlington Counties. Grapes are extensively 
grown in Atlantic County and in parts of Cape 
May and Cumberland. The unfermented juice of 
the grape, bottled at Vineland, has an extensive 
market. Plum culture is increasing, and many 
tons are annually put on the market in fruit-grow- 
ing sections. Cherries are a profitable crop, and 
are grown on most fruit soils. Huckleberries grow 
spontaneously in the wooded areas of the State, 
especially in the southern part, where forest trees 
are not so tall as to prevent their development. 
Millions of quarts of this fruit are annually gath- 
ered and marketed, and are a source of profit to 
the pickers, who also pick cranberries and who 
are mainly Italians from Philadelphia and resi- 
dents of the ' ' Pines. ' ' 

The lighter or sandy soils of New Jersey fur- 
nish ideal natural conditions for the poultry busi- 
ness, which has been developed in particular lo- 
calities, as Berlin and Brown's Mills in the 












324 



NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 



*' Pines." Market gardening is a more intensive 
form of crop production than truck farming. The 
great system of New Jersey's macadam roads has 
extended the area of market gardening from fif- 
teen to twenty miles from metropolitan centers. 

Truck farming in New Jersey, owing to its prox- 
imity to large consuming populations, is profitable. 
A large proportion of the yearly product is con- 
veyed to market by the farmers' teams in their 
own truck wagons. During summer and autumn 
fifteen hundred teams, loaded with New Jersey 
fruit and produce, cross the Camden and Glouces- 
ter ferries daily into Philadelphia, and a similar 
traffic prevails in the neighborhood of New York 
City, Jersey City, and Newark. Gloucester, Cum- 
berland, and Burlington Counties devote large 
acreages to the production of watermelons and 
cantaloupes or muskmelons of fijie quality. Be- 
ing brought to perfsction before shipping, their 
texture and flavor exceeds that of those brought 
to Northern markets from the far South. Thus 
the Hackensack muskmelons have a reputation 
for richness not surpassed by the Colorado fruit. 

In commercial floriculture New Jersey, situated 
as it is between New York and Philadelphia City 
markets, makes the largest showing of any State 
in the Union in proportion to its size. 

Dairying in this S^ate is commercially con- 
ducted bv two classes of farmers,— those who 




AT A COUNTY FAIR. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 325 

eater to a local trade in the towns and cities, and 
those who ship the product to distant markets by- 
railroad or dispose of it in co-operative or other 
nearby creameries. Dairy farms may be found 
in every county in the State, although the mar- 
kets furnished by Cape May, eastern Atlantic, and 
Ocean Counties are distinctively local. 

In mixed farming Xew Jersey produces corn, 
wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, hay, and white and 
sweet potatoes. The farm value of these crops 
for 1900 according to returns made in the State, 
was $18,700,000, of which hay was valued at 
$8,000,000, corn at $4,000,000, wheat at $2,000,000, 
white potatoes at $2,000 000, and sweet pota- 
toes at $1,300,000. Less than $100,000 worth of 
buckwheat was raised. The milch cows of Xew 
Jersey at the same period were worth $9,000,000, 
horses $7,600,000, while mules, sheep, and cattle 
brought the total stock valuation to $18,800,000. 

The agricultural industry of Xew Jersey has 
been greatly promoted by the establishment of 
the State Agricultural College at Xew Brunswick, 
with its free scholarships, created by act of the 
Legislature in 1864. Associated with the college 
are two experimental stations, thoroughly equip- 
ped, with a State weather service. These institu- 
tions are closely allied with the work of Rutgers 
College. 

In the development of the southern interior of 



326 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

New Jersey the pioneer work of breaking down 
adverse prejudice and subsequent efforts at colo- 
nization upon a large scale was led by Charles K. 
Landis, best known as the founder of Vineland. 
The success of this and similar, though less im- 
portant, enterprises led to the emigration into 
South Jersey of the persecuted Russian Jews. The 
first movement toward occupancy of tracts pur- 
chased by benevolent associations for the use of 
the Hebrews was made at Alliance, six miles from 
Vineland, where the prospective farmers secured 
their homes, payments to be made during thirty- 
three years. This was in 1881. In the following 
year other Rusian and Polish Hebrews came to 
Rosenhayn, between Millville and Bridgeton, 
while in 1883 Carmel was founded. 

The most conspicuous of all these settlements is 
Woodbine, founded through the liberalit}'^ of 
Baron de Hirsch. Woodbine is midway between 
Millville and Cape May City. Here in the oaks 
and pines a settlement was mapped out in 1891, 
the tract consisting of five thousand three hundred 
acres, of which two thousand acres are improved, 
having twelve miles of farm roads, twenty miles 
of streets, lighted by electricity, pure artesian 
water, and well drained. In the town site is situ- 
ated the Baron de Hirsch Agricultural and In- 
dustrial School for the advancement of secondary 
education, which was recognized by the Paris Ex- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 327 

position, which conferred upon this school the hon- 
ors and privileges connected with the highest re- 
ward of the exposition— the Grand Prix. 

The school was conducted first as an experiment 
on a comparatively small basis, but gradually it 
was increased, and at present it comprises an area 
of one hundred and forty acres of cultivated land, 
a considerable number of cattle, poultrj^ yards, 
greenhouses, dairy, and apiary, and, besides this, 
there is a dormitory for the pupils, as well as a 
school building equipped with the most modern 
improvements. It is a matter of interest to recall 
the fact that ex-Governor William A. Newell, 
who, as congressman in 1851, was the father of the 
lifesaving service, was also the author of a plan 
which later led to the establishment of the federal 
department of agriculture. 



F""^'' 



(J H A P 1^ E R .X X 1 
The By>GiHNiNGS of thk Uwited States Lipb- 

SAVTHO SHRVTCH 



IT WAS at a meeting of the Monmouth Coun- 
ty Historical Association held during the 
autumn of the year 1900 that the late Gov- 
ernor William A. Newell, in the last his- 
torical address which he delivered, spoke 
the final word concerning the organization of the 
United States lifesaving service. This subject, 
so intimately connected with the maritime history 
of New Jersey, was exhaustively discussed by Gov- 
ernor Newell, and from his address the story of 
this important branch of the service may be told, 
largely in his own words, from his hitherto un- 
published manuscript : 

* ' My identification with this important meas- 
ure," said the governor in his address, *'was acci- 
dental, and was the result of a marine disaster of 
which I happened to be a spectator during the 
summer of 1839, when the Austrian brig "The 
Count Perasto" was wrecked near the Mansion 
House on Long Beach, Monmouth (now Ocean) 
County, New Jersey, whereby the captain and 
crew, thirteen in all, were drowned, and their 
bodies thrown on the strand. These sailors were 
buried at public expense in the cemetery of the 
Baptist Church at Manahawkin, in a single row, 
close to the north side of the church, where their 
mounds are still visible. 

"The 'Perasto' was wrecked at midnight, hav- 
ing struck a sand-bar three hundred yards from 



332 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

the shore, and was driven by force of the violent 
winds through the snrf to the strand where, when 
the tides receded, she was left entirely beached 
npon the banks. The sailors were drowned in en- 
deavoring to pass, by swimming from the bar, 
where the ship lodged for the time, to the main, 
and were found scattered along the surf for more 
than a mile. The bow of the ship being elevated 
and close at hand after the storm was over, the 
idea occurred to me that these unfortunates might 
have been saved could a rope have been thrown to 
their assistance over the fatal chasm, a few hun- 
dred yards to the bar, and they be hauled through 
or over the surf thereby. This reflection was fol- 
lowed quickly in my mind by the suggestion of a 
projectile force for that purpose by some mechan- 
ical means. The dead row in the churchyard was 
at my very door, the residence of my uncle. Dr. 
Hankinson, whom I was visiting after my gradua- 
tion in medicine at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

**Thus situated I could not resist pondering 
over means for rescue of the shipwrecked mariner, 
and to that end I instituted experiments in throw- 
ing light lines, by bow and arrow, by rockets, by 
a shortened blunderbuss, all with comparative 
success. But my idea culminated in perfection by 
using a mortar or carronade with ball and line. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 333 

by means of whicli I found it to be an easy mat- 
ter to effect my much desired purpose. 

"In 1846 I was elected representative in Con- 
gress from the second district, whicli at that time 
included the maritime region from Sandy Hook 
to Little Egg Harbor. In my place on the first 
resolution day of the first session of the Thirtieth 
Congress, upon call of the States, on the 3d day 
of January, 1848, I offered the following resolu- 
tion of enquiry; a motion which then and there 
laid the foundation of the United States lifesav- 
ing service. This system had no existence before, 
and to this day has no counterpart or parallel 
upon any other shores of the world, and with the 
appropriate legislation which followed has be- 
come and will remain one of the chief features of 
our governmental system with three hundred res- 
cue stations, manned by two thousand brave and 
skilful wreckers and lifesavers^ and for which the 
government appropriates annually two million 
dollars. This is the text of my original resolu- 
tion: 

" ' RESOLVED, that the Committee on Commerce be instructed 
to enquire whether any plan can be devised whereby dangerous 
navigation along the Coast of New Jersey between Sandy Hook 
and Little Egg Harbor may be furnished with additional safa 
guards to life and property from shipwreck, and that they report 
by bill or otherwise.' 

''Washington Hunt, of New York, Joseph H. 
Grinnell, and William R. King, of Massachusetts, 




334 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

representatives of preeminently commercial and 
maritime States, with, the complement of others, 
were members of the committee on commerce, but 
no report whatever was vouchsafed for or against 
my resolution, which they utterly ignored. I made 
frequent calls at their rooms and they listened to 
my arguments, but made no sign, and were under- 
stood to be unfavorable. Not one member of the 
House or Senate, from New Jersey or any other 
State, gave one favorable word. It was regarded 
as chimerical, expensive, and useless. Hoping and 
expecting nothing from the committee, I ad- 
dressed my earnest efforts to personal explanation 
and appeal to all senators and members whom I 
could reach or influence, among whom were J. 
Quincy Adams, Thaddeus Stevens, Webster, Clay, 
Calhoun, Davis, Douglas, Benton. Indeed I 
sought to interview every member of either house, 
and personally solicited their support should I 
not obtain a favorable report from the commit- 
tee to an amendment which I proposed to offer to 
some appropriation bill, as opportunity might pro- 
vide. I considered my case lost when the commit- 
tee on commerce bill and other bills involving ap- 
propriations came before the committee of the 
whole House for action. I endeavored to attach 
my amendment, but failed at every House bill, 
but had better fortune at the heel of the session. 




THADDKUS STEVENS. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 335 

when the Senate lighthouse bill came to the House 
for consideration. ' ' 

It was upon the 9th of August that Governor 
Newell offered the folowing amendment to the 
lighthouse bill, which was unanimously adopted: 

For providing surfboats, rockets, carronades, and other neces 
sary apparatus for the better preservation of life and property 
from shipwreck along the coast of New Jersey, between Sandy 
Hook and Little Egg Harbor, $10,000, to be expended under the 
supervision of such officer as may be designated by the Secretary 
of the Treasury for that purpose. 

Having secured governmental support, the sys- 
tem devised by Governor Newell rendered the 
most complete satisfaction in the rescue of two 
hundred and one passengers, the entire crew and 
passengers from the wreck of the Scottish barque 
''Ayreshire" on Squan Beach. The ship foun- 
dered on Absecom Beach in the midst of a blind- 
ing snow storm during the night of the 29th of 
December, 1849, and drifted to Squan Beach, near 
the woodland, where she beached on the 12th of 
January, 1850. The vessel was stranded upon the 
inevitable bar and the passengers were landed in 
sections. Dr. Robert Laird, who witnessed the 
rescue, was deputized to give a gold medal to John 
Maxen, who threw the first life line ever fired 
over a vessel to save perishing humanity. 

This dramatic incident was described in a let- 
ter of March 13, 1850, written by Maxen, the pio- 
neer wrecker : 



336 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



I was present and superintended and sent the line by the mortar 
on board the ship " Ayreshire " on the 12th of January, 1850. 
We landed her passengers in safety, in all two hundred and one, 
which could not have been otherwise saved. We attached the line 
to the shot and fired it from the mortar. It fell directly across 
the wreck and was caught by the crew on board. Everybody 
came through the terrific foaming surf. Every soul, men, women, 
children, and infants, came through that cold snow storm dry and 
comfortable. 

For the consideration of the members of Con- 
gress in support of an appropriation Governor 
Newell presented the following statement : 

**The coast of New Jersey is more famous for 
shipwrecks, attended with loss of life, than any 
other part of our country, not even excepting the 
Florida reefs, and owing to a peculiar condition 
must always exist. The vast commerce which 
centers in New York is exposed to this danger, 
and the wonder is, when we consider its great ex- 
tent, not that so many wrecks occur upon our 
coast, but that there are no more. 

''From the 12th of April, 1839, to the 31st of 
July, 1848, there were known to be wrecked on 
this and the adjoining coast of Long Island sixty- 
eight ships, eighty-eight brigs, thirty barques, one 
hundred and forty schooners, and twelve sloops, 
an aggregate of three hundred and thirty-eight 
vessels in less than nine years; of this number 
there were cast away on the coast of New Jersey, 
between the points already designated, twenty-five 
ships, forty-eight brigs, seventy-three schooners, 



ONY AND AS A STATE 337 

eight barques, two sloops, and two pilot boats, 
making in all one hundred and fifty-eight vessels. 
Of the whole one hundred and twenty-two have 
occurred since February 20, 1846, thus showing 
the number of wrecks to be greatly increased over 
those of former years. 

' * The New Jersey shore, as may be seen by run- 
ning an eye upon the map, lies in a direction of 
northeast and southwest, or nearly with these 
points, and vessels approaching our coast bound 
for the harbor of New York are often carried to- 
ward this shore by the strong northeasterly winds 
which prevail in the winter, and which art fre- 
quently accompanied by the thick weather which 
is the especial dread of the mariner. 

**The condition which makes the New Jersey 
coast especially dangerous is this: that for the 
greater part of its whole extent there lies a bar, 
nearly parallel with the beach, and at a distance 
from it, varying from three to eight hundred 
yards ; upon this bar there are not more than two 
feet of water, so that a vessel, driven by stress 
of weather, must inevitably be stranded long be- 
fore she gets near enough to the beach to enable 
those on board to take any measure for the preser- 
vation of life. Not even a ship's ordinary long 
boat can float over this bar. 

''In some cases of shipwreck there are some 
fortunate escapes, and the chance of life is al- 

fVol. 4] 




338 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

ways increased in proportion as the distance from 
terra firma is lessened. But here the mariner sees 
the land before him with a perilous space between 
the shore and the treacherous bar beneath him, 
and without assistance from that shore he can 
never reach it, but must perish in the very sight 
of land which, during his weary voyage, he has 
longed for by day and dreamed of by night. 

''This assistance the small appropriation is de- 
signed to render. Although a ship's boat cannot 
cross the bar a surfboat will do this, and will live 
in a sea, and come to the shore when the keelboats 
would be swamped. These surfboats, then, it is 
proposed to provide at suitable stations along the 
coast, where the approach to the shore is most 
dangerous. 

''In addition to this it is proposed to furnish, 
at each station, a carronade of sufficient caliber 
to throw a ball, with a rope attached, over the 
vessel in distress, so that those on board may 
'bend a hawser' to this rope and thus effect a 
communication with the land. There should be 
deposited at each station a certain number of 
rockets, so that in a dark night a signal from the 
shore may be made to apprise those on board the 
distressed vessel in what direction they may look 
for aid." 

This argument Governor Newell sustained by 
holding that it was the bounden duty of the gov- 



ONY AND AS A STATE 339 

emment to protect the lives of its citizens engaged 
in perilous pursuits from which the revenues of 
the nation are derived. This proposition had al- 
ready been recognized in the erection of light- 
houses and breakwaters and in the anchoring of 
buoys to mark harbor channels. 

Upon the opening of the second session of the 
Thirtieth Congress Governor Newell offered an 
amendment for the extension of his system from 
Little Egg Harbor to Cape May, thus including 
the entire Atlantic shore of New Jersey and also 
the Atlantic coast of Long Island. The amend- 
ment provided for buoys at Barnegat Inlet and 
the mouth of Tom's River and the re-opening of 
the lighthouse at Tucker's Beach, as well as for 
stations at Plum Inlet and East Hampton, Con- 
necticut. The appropriation called for was fifty 
thousand dollars. 

To Captain Douglass Ottinger, who recently 
died in Mount Holly at an advanced age, and who 
was then an officer in the revenue marine serv- 
ice, was given the supervision of the physical es- 
tablishment of the lifesaving service. Under date 
of October 18, 1848, Captain Ottinger thus wrote 
to Governor Newell : 

We have erected eight stations within the limits of the law for 
the preservation of life and property from shipwreck on the coast 
of New Jersey, and design to have at each one of them a substan- 
tial frame house, furnished with galvanized surfboats with ten 
separate air chambers, 160 fathoms of hawser, 360 fathoms of haul- 



340 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

ing rope, 600 yards of rocket lines, rockets, stores, etc. Stoves and 
fuel will be placed in the buildings, which will be sufficiently large 
to shelter passengers and goods. 

In addition to the surfboats I propose to have a life-car in each 
station, which is dasigned to carry a line to the stranded vessel, 
where the wind and sea are too heavy for the best constructed 
boat to live. 

I have made some experiments in throwing a line from the shore 
to a vessel with a rocket, and threw it 250 yards, with which wc 
tested the practicability of sending a hawser from the beach to a 
boat or vessel. 

In 1861 President Lincoln appointed Governor 
Newell superintendent of the service for the coast 
of New Jersey. During his four years of tenure 
he made quarterly official journeyings along the 
** shore" so that when he was again elected to Con- 
gress at the presidential election of 1864 he was 
enabled to advance still further the usefulness of 
the system. 

When Governor Newell left the service he 
had seen it grow to twenty-eight stations on the 
New Jersey coast and twelve on the Long Island 
shore. Each House was provided with a surfboat, 
a lifeboat, which is a metallic elliptical vessel 
holding six passengers, who lie down when the 
hatch is fastened, and the car made impervious to 
water. At the end of each car is attached a large 
iron ring, through which runs a cable extending 
from the vessel to the shore on which the car plays 
through the surf, being pulled backward and for- 
ward, by a rope attached to each end, by the crew 



ONY AND AS A STATE 341 



and wreckers alternately, communication being 
established by a ball thrown from a mortar. To 
the ball is attached a small line with which a 
cable is drawn to the vessel, on which the car 
plays. A truck or braced wheeled wagon to con- 
vey the surfboat, lifecars and other necessary ap- 
pliances to the point of danger, blue lights used 
to notify the wrecked of approaching aid, or to 
warn them off a dangerous point of shore, lan- 
terns, axes, spades, speaking trumpets, life pre- 
servers, lines, ropes, cables, stores, a full supply 
of wood, cut up, and provisions complete, com- 
prise the furniture and contents of a station nouse. 

During all these years the wreckers had served 
gratuitously, and, considering that such generous 
and dangerous labor should be compensated by 
the government. Governor Newell in a speech be- 
fore the House of Representatives deliverd June 
14, 1S66, urged that the crews of lifeboats, who 
endanger their own lives, should be paid a regular 
salary, and also be rewarded for any acts of dan- 
gerous or successful duty in saving life and prop- 
erty. This course was subsequently adopted. 

As the honor of the organization of the life- 
saving service belongs to Governor Newell, an 
enduring monument erected by the Hon. James 
A. Bradley stands on the seashore of Asbury Park 
bearing an inscription signifying that near the 
spot the large packet ship **New Era" was 



342 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

wrecked in 1854 and over three hundred persons 
lost their lives. The monument was erected to 
commemorate the zeal and energy of Governor 
William A. Newell, of New Jersey, who, as Con- 
gressman, succeeded in securing the passage of 
the law establishing the United States lifesaving 
service, and to commemorate the fidelity of the 
lifesaving crews whose efficiency renders such to 
disaster at this day almost impossible. 

By resolutions of the Legislature of New Jersey, 
in 1896, the State officially recognized that Gov- 
ernor Newell had been solely instrumental in es- 
tablishing the United States lifesaving service, 
which resolutions were endorsed by the Legisla- 
ture of the State of Washington. 



CHAPTEli XX U 

New Jebsey at the Opening op thk Twbn 
TiETH Century 



CLEAR eyed, expectant, and resolute, 
the State of New Jersey stands at 
the opening of the twentieth cen- 
tury the inheritor of vast activi- 
ties, the agency through which 
some of the problems of the future may be solved. 
Through all the long years, stimulated by metro- 
politan influences, encouraging her industries, ex- 
tending her public beneficences, educating her peo- 
ple, and strengthening her administrative func- 
tions, New Jersey may well take her place among 
those States whose life is optimistic, whose deeds 
are creditable, whose influence makes for the good 
of the nation. 

But the nineteenth century brought many 
changes to the State, converting a population dis- 
tinctively affected by rural influences into one 
whose life was largely urban. In other words, in 
1800, scarcely two per cent, of the people of New 
Jersey lived under city influence; in 1900 eighty 
per cent, of the population of the State resided in 
great municipalities or were in daily communica- 
tion with Philadelphia or New York. And the two 
great factors that have brought about this change 
were the development of manufactures and the 
growth of systems of transportation. 

Of the great industries of New Jersey— silk, 
brick and terra cotta, window and bottle glass, 
men's felt and wool hats, celluloid, jewelry, pot- 




346 NEW JERSEY AS A COL 

tery, rubber, leather, shoes, woolen and worsted 
goods, chemical products and refined oils and their 
by-products, iron and steel in every form— the 
'^ plants" devoted to these manufactures may be 
geographically designated. 

The one hundred and fifty silk mills of New 
Jersey are to be found in Paterson— the "Lyons 
of America, ' '—West Hoboken, and Jersey City. In 
this industry $22,500,000 is invested, twenty-eight 
thousand operatives are employed, and ten million 
dollars is annually paid in wages. In Paterson 
there are twelve large machine shops producing 
silk and other special machinery. 

Brick and terra cotta works are located in the 
vicinity of Perth Amboy, although there are small 
plants throughout the central part of the State, 
notably between Trenton and Camden. This in- 
dustry embraces about seventy plants, in which 
six thousand five hundred men are employed, and 
wages amounting to two million dollars are paid. 

The making of window and bottle glass is char- 
acteristic of the region between Medford, Burling- 
ton County, and Bridgeton, Cumberland County. 
Twenty-five factories are to be found in this sec- 
tion. Six thousand hands are employed and $2,- 
500,000 is invested. 

In Newark and Orange are to be found the fifty 
establishments devoted to men's felt and wool hats. 
Two million dollars is invested in this industry 



ONY AND AS A STATE 347 

and five thousand six hundred operatives are fur- 
nished employment. In Newark are three great 
plants of the Celluloid Manufacturing Company, 
representing two million dollars of capital and 
giving work to seven hundred men. 

As a jewelry manufacturing center Newark oc- 
cupies a position first among all cities. Sixty-five 
establishments represent this industry, two thou- 
sand seven hundred operatives being employed 
and three million dollars capital invested. 

With East Liverpool, Ohio, Trenton vies for first 
place as a pottery manufacturing center. Here 
thirty plants are engaged in every branch of the 
business, including the making of drain-pipe, sani- 
taiy ware, common china, decorative art objects, 
and floor and mural tiles. The operatives number 
three thousand seven hundred, and $5,500,000 
capital is represented. 

At Trenton, Jersey City, and New Brunswick 
the rubber mills of the State are located. Two 
thousand men are employed. Among other in- 
dustries at Trenton are oilcloth and linoleum, car- 
riages, brass lamps, and bedding. 

In Newark the leather industry of New Jersey 
is centered. There are in the State fifty-five plants, 
with a capital of six million dollars and four thou- 
sand employees. 

Forty-eight plants are engaged in the manu- 
facture of shoes, many being in Newark, nearly 



348 NEW JEIISEY AS A COL 

five thousand operatives being employed and $2,- 
300,000 capital being invested. 

Passaic City is the center of the woolen and 
worsted manufactures of New Jersey. In that 
city are located nearly the greatest of the thirty- 
eight mills of the State, eight million dollars capi- 
tal being invested in this enterprise in New Jersey 
and seven thousand six hundred persons being em- 
ployed. 

Throughout the State are forty-two "plants'* 
devoted to the manufacture of chemical products, 
three thousand five hundred operatives being em- 
ployed and fourteen million dollars capital being 
invested. 

The number of establishments engaged in refin- 
ing oils and their by-products is fourteen. The 
capital invested is seventeen million dollars and 
the number of men employed is two thousand 
eight hundred. 

Of iron and steel manufacture every stage of the 
industry is represented in the State. In New Jer- 
sey the ore is mined, blast furnaces reduce the pig, 
puddling works convert it into steel and refined 
iron, and rolling mills work it into bars, nearly all 
of which are located north of Trenton. In the 
latter city are the John A. Roebling's Sons Com- 
pany's works, employing two thousand men. In 
Paterson are two locomotive works, a great rolling 
mill, and many machine shops. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 349 

Of special industries Jersey City has the Loril- 
lard Tobacco Company, six establishments devoted 
to the making of soap, tallow, and perfumery, of 
which Colgate's is representative, and the Ameri- 
can Company's sugar refinery. At Elizabethport 
is located the Singer Sewing Machine Company, 
with its five thousand hands, and the Nixon ship- 
building yards. Trenton, Paterson, and Newark 
have large breweries. New Brunswick has 
"plants" devoted to such particular industries as 
wall paper and sheet metal, while at Camden are 
chemical plants and several shipyards. Altogether 
the number of wage-earning men and women in 
the State amounts to two hundred thousand, and 
the annual product of their labor is about four 
hundred million dollars. 

Of steam transportation in New Jersey the num- 
ber of miles owned and operated by the following 
systems on the 1st day of January, 1901, was: 
Pennsylvania, 409.02; West Jersey and Seashore, 
332.57; Central Eailroad of New Jersey, 440.30; 
Philadelphia and Reading, 230.89; Delaware, Lack- 
awanna and Western, 206.16; Erie, 149.90; New 
York, Susquehanna and Western, 126.73; Lehigh 
Valley, 111.61; unclassified roads, twenty-eight 
companies, 280.78-total mileage, including un- 
classified roads, 2,287.96. The aggregate number 
of persons employed on the railroads whose duties 
are performed within the limits of the State of 




THK CKANR TAVERN. 

(Stte of Ihe Blngw Sewing Maohlne Compiwy 
a otatuiT ago.; 



350 NEW JERSEY AS A COLONY 

New Jersey is 32,405. The aggregate amomit paid 
in wages is $18,023,604:; the average wages per 
day is $1.82, and the average yearly earnings 
$566.11. 

The canals of the State include the Delaware 
and Earitan, with its feeder, 66.86, and the Morris 
Canal, with its two feeders, 106.48, giving a total 
canal mileage of 173.34. 

The reports of the cable, electric, and horse rail- 
road companies for the year ending January 1, 
1901. give 771.45 miles of track (all but a few miles 
operated by electricity), with total capital stock of 
$80,875,000. These roads have cost $142,428,000. 

Thus from the humble l3eginnings of the "cot- 
tage" industries of the colony, and from the "fly- 
ing machines" of the Revolution, have arisen the 
great enterprises and the systems of transporta- 
tion giving Xew Jersey such power and influence 
as to make her most important among the sister- 
hood of States. 



CHAPTEB XXIII 
Genbbal Ikdkx 



GENERAL INDEX 



Abbett, I-eon, IV, 133, 148, 152, 

170, 175, 177. 182, 185, 188. 
Abbott, Benjamin, II, 101; III, 
316. 
Dr., I, 48. 
Family. Ill, 66. 
Abercrombie, General, II, 203. 
Abert, William, III, 357. 
Abolition movement, the, I, 338. 
Society, the New Jersey, IV, 
35, 37. 
Aboriginal occupancy, I, 29-50. 
Abraham, James, III, 104. 
AbPOcom Beach, II, 197; IV, 335. 
Achter Coll, I, 140. 
Acquackanonk, I, 356, 357; II, 51, 
57, 210, 312; III, 254; IV, 254. 
Bridge, II, 133, 337. 
Landing, II, 96; III, 17. 
" Acquickananick," I, 274. 
Acrelius, Israel, I, 293; III, 63. 
Acton, Benjamin, I, 299. 
Adams. Israel S., IV.. 177. 
John, II, 176. 340, 344; III, 30. 
32, .^.3. 36, 39. 
Adjustment of land titles, I, 135. 
Admissions to the bar, I, 309-311. 
Adolphus, Gustavus, I, 87, 88, 97. 
Adrain, Robert, IV, 163. 
Adultery, I, 323-326. 
Adventurers, colonial, I, 221-223. 
Advertisements, early, I, 366. 
Agriculture, I, 193-199; IV, 317- 

327. 
Ahasimus, I, 114; II, 324; IV, 234. 
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, I, 

375. 
Albany, I, 106, 110, 117, 118, 127, 
374. 375, 379, 381, 382, 384; II, 
67, 69. 
Albion Knights, the, I, 78-79. 
Albright, Andrew, IV, 176, 177, 

182. 
Alderman's Kil, I, 96. 
Alexander, James, I, 170, 313. 
Mrs. James, II, 70. 
[Vol. 4] 



Alexander, Joseph, I, 362, 363. 

William. II. 66. 70. 82, 171. 

William C. III. 391. 397; IV, 97. 

Sir William, I, 124-125. 
Alexandria Township, II, 109. 
Algonkin Indians, I, 55, 241. 
Alien and Sedition Laws, III, 

37-38. 
Allaire. III. 252. 
Allegiance, oath of, II, 122. 
Allen, Ephralm, I, 177. 

Experience, I, 177. 

Isaac, II, 95. 

J. W., Ill, 398. 

Jedediah, I, 177. 

Joseph W., IV, 83. 

Judah, I, 177. 

Patience, I, 177. 

William R., Ill, 2S0. 
Allentown, II, 154; III, 254, 256; 

IV. 47. 
Alliance, I, 288; IV, 326. 
Allison, Richard III, 120. 
Allisons, The, I;l, 64. 
Alloways, I, 147. 
Alloway's Bridge, II. 340. 

Creek, I. 93, 95: II, 180. 
Allowaystown, III, 220, 256. 
Almanacs, I, 365, 367. 
Almonesson, III, 254. 
Alummingh, I, 96. 
Amboy, I, 188, 200, 203, 230, 232, 
233, 372, 395; II, 98, 136, 159, 161, 
163, 169, 203, 206, 337, 340; III, 
117, 203; IV, 54. 

Barracks, I, 384. 

Point, I, 162. 
American Company, the, I, 92. 

Dock and Improvement Com- 
pany, IV, 112. 

House at Haddonfleld, I, 303. 

House at Trenton, TT, 146. 
American Weekly Mercury, I. 232. 
Ammunition for the Revolution, 
II, 77. 



354 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Amsterdam, I, 112. 
Amwell, I, 332, 379; II, 4S, 345. 
Township, creation of, I, 276. 
Anabaptists, the, I, 344. 
Anderson, Edward T., IV, 143. 
Family, III, 77. 
John, I, 377, 378, 392. 
John I., II, 224. 
Andover, III, 253. 
Andre, Major, II, 177. 
Andrews Family, III, 60. 
Andros, Sir Edmund, I, 142, 146, 

147-148, 152. 155, 156, 157, 164, 

165, 166; III, 340. 
Andruss, Isaac, III, 103, 105. 
Andrustown, II, 222. 
Angell, Colonel, II, 239. 
Animals, prehistoric, I, 47-50. 
Anne, Queen, I, 211, 212, 217, 248, 

394. 
Anti-Federalists, III, 25-41, 160, 

3S6. 
Anti-Masonic agitation. III, 222. 
Antiquity of man, I, 29-50. 
Apgar Family, III, ,70. 
Applegate, Edwin F., IV, 85. 
Apprentices, I, 199, 202. 
Appropriations for the Revolu- 
tion, II, 77. 
Arawamus, III, 63. 
Arbuthnot, Admiral, II, 235. 
Architecture, Early, III, 59-61. 
Argillite implements, I, 30-31, 33, 

35, 41-42, 46. 
Arms for the Revolution, II, 77. 
Armstrong, Thomas D., IV, 170. 

General, III, 102. 
Arnett, Shelly, III, 54, 55. 
Arneystown, III, 65. 
Arnold, Benedict, II, 169, 331. 
House, the, II, 231. 
Jacob, II. 160. 
Lewis Golding, III, 358. 
Arrest of Governor Carteret, I, 

155. 
of Governor Franklin, I, 406, 

410. 
Arrow making, I, 30-31. 
Arrowsmith, Thomas W., Ill, 

391. 



Articles of Confederation, II, 

365-381. 
Artificial lakes, I, 40. 
Artillery in the Revolution, II, 

73, 79, 84. 
Arts, Indian, I, 58. 
Arwaines, I, 96. 
Asamo Hackingh, I, 96. 
Asbury, III, 77, 254, 255. 
Bishop, III, 316, 317. 
Park, IV, 268, 341. 
Asgill, Charles, II, 251. 
Ash Swamp, II, 338. 
Ashes, manufacture of, I, 286. 
"Asia," the, II, 110. 
Asomoches, the, I, 82. 
Assanpink, II, 337. 
Creek, I, 152, 265, 266, 312; 11, 
145, 153, 154, 427; III, 177; IV, 
259. 
Assembly, the, I, 135, 136, 150, 
217-225, 399-411. 
of East Jersey, I, 154-155 
of West Jersey, I, 163. 
last colonial, I, 406. 
rebukes Cornbury, I, 211-212. 
under Carteret, dissolved, I, 
157-15S. 
Associate justices, the, I, 312- 

313. 
Assunpink Falls, I, 96. 
AssveLicons, I, 95. 
Atkinson, Clarence T., IV, 196. 
Atlantic City, II, 189; IV, 115, 

135, 245, 255, 267, 2S0, 281. 
Atlantic County, I, 205, 266, 268, 
282: IT, 94; III, 109, 251, 254, 
280; IV, 275, 276, 281, 282, 320, 
323. 
creation of, I, 268. 
Attack of the Dutch on New 

Sweden, I, 94. 
Attorney-generals, I, 313. 
Attorneys-at-law, I, 307-317. 
" Augusta," the, II, 195, 197. 
Australian Company, the, I, 87, 

88. 
Avondale, IV, 312. 
Axions, the, I, 82. 
Axwamus, I, 266. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



355 



Aycrigg, John B., Ill, 329. 
" Ayreshire," The, IV, 335. 
Babcock, John F., IV, 142. 
Back Creek, 1, 266. 
Bacon, Andrew, II, ISl. 
Bacon Family, HI, 61. 
Bailey, Clayton J., IV, 229. 
Bain bridge, Absalom, II, 101. 

family. III, 66. 

Joseph, II, 101. 

medal, III, 96. 

William, II, 101; III, 66. 
Baker family. III, 74. 

Henry M., IV, 81. 

Philip P., IV, 191. 

William S., II. 133, 330. 
Balbach, Edward, Jr., IV, 156. 
Balch, Hezekiah James, I, 362. 
Baldwin family, IV, 249. 

Jeduthan, II, 73. 

Matthias, III, 200. 
Ballard, Jeremiah, II, 224. 
Ballinger, Ives, I, ISO. 
Banks, III, 361-374; IV, 205-212. 
Banns, marriage, I, 322-324. 
Baptist Church, the, I, 344, 345; 

III, 315. 
Barber, Francis, I, 363; II, 322. 
Barcalow, Daniel, III, 391. 
Barclay, David, Jr., I, 159. 

Governor, III, 340. 

Robert, I, 159, 160, 166. 

Thomas, II, 141. 
Bard, Edwin Milford, III, 357. 

Peter, I, 180. 

Samuel, II, 118. 
Barker, Thomas, I, 159. 
Barnegat Bay, II, 243, 244; III, 
60. 

Creek, I, 146. 

Inlet, IV, 339. 
Barnes, John, II, 96, 153. 
Barracks erected, I, 3S3-384. 
Barren Hill, II, 179. 
Barton, Joseph, II, 95. 
Bartow, Thomas, II, 97. 
Basking Ridge, I, 351; II, 142; 

HI, 69, 319. 
Basnett, Elizabeth, I, 299. 

Richard, I, 298. 



Bass River, II, 321. 
Basse, Jeremiah, I, 310, 391. 
Bateman family, HI, 61. 
Battalions in the Revolution, 

II, 66-73, 79-81. 
Battery, the, II, 127, 130. 
Battle Monument, Trenton, II, 

147. 
Battle of Monmouth, II, 203-211, 
215. 

of Princeton. II, 153-156, 159. 

of Trenton, II, 141-153, 156. 
Battles of the Revolution, II, 

309-340. 
Batsto, III, 252. 
Bauer, Herman O., IV, 229. 
Bayard, S. J.. IV. 166. 
Bayle's Mills, HI, 172. 
Bayley, Bishop, HI, 320. 
Baylor, George. II, 73, 3l«. 
Bayonne, IV, 244, 245. 
Bayward, HI, 68. 
Beach. Ephraim, III, 183. 

William, II, 225. 
Beaches, the, I, ?S0-282. 
Beacon Hill, IV 309. 
Beads, Indian, ^ , 242. 
Beam, John E.. IV, 88. 
Bears, I, 287. 
Beasley, Frederick, III, 239. 

Jonathan, II, 205. 

Mercer, IV, 142. 
Beatty, John, HI. 102. 
Beaumont. Myron H.. IV, 85. 
Beaver Brook, II, 338. 

Run, II, 118. 
Beavers, I, 287. 
Beckett, Henry, HI, 238. 
Bedford, Gunning. I, 363. 
Bedle, Joseph D., IV, 146, 156, 

170. 172. 173. 
Bedmlnster Township, creation 

of, I. 276. 
Beeston, Father Francis. Ill, 

319. 
Beginning of New Jersey as a 

colony, I. 128. 
Belcher, Governor, I, 375, 380; 

III. 70. 

Jonathan, I, 360, 395-396. 



356 



NEW JEKSEY AS A COL 



Belcher. William, I, 300. 
Bell, John, II, 281. 

Tom, I, 237. 
Bellerjeau family, TIT, 66. 
Belleville. I, 134; II, 338; III, 75, 
171, 254, 255, 317, 3iS; IV, 135, 
284. 
Belvidere. Ill, 77, 106, 208, 209, 

253, 372; IV, 135, 280, 310. 
Benckes, Jacob, I, 139. 

Benezet. , I, 339. 

Bennett's Island, II, 338. 
Bergen, I, 133, 135, 137, 110, 156, 
225, 263, 274, 294, 351: II, 338. 
church at, I, 344, 345. 
first school in, I, 349-350. 
Bergen County. I, ISl, 243, 263, 
267, 344, 408, 409; II, 48, 55-5fi, 
57, 58. 61, 98, 99, 105, 109, 258, 
2G0, 310, 411, 412, 439; III, 75, 
87, 103, 105, 106, 107, 172, 195, 
248, 251, 255, 256, 270, 280, 297, 
320, 322; IV, 29, 41, 2?8. 244, 269, 
273, 275. 277, 278, 279. 298, 320, 
321. 
creation of, I, 2K?. 
militia, II. 75, 79. 80, 81, 83, 84. 
townships in, I, 274. 
Bergen Hill, IV, 128, 129. 
Neck, II, 323. 
Point, III, 372. 
S(juare, 1, 115. 
Township, I, 274. 
Town of, I. 114. 
Berkeley Creek, I, 266. 
Berkeley, Lord John, I, 66, 129- 

131, 145, 146, 185; IV, 26. 
Berlin, IV, 323. 

Bernard, Francis, I, 356, 383, 396. 
Beriiard.=:ton Township, creation 

of, I, 276. 
Bernardstown, II, 59. 
Bernard&ville, II, 142. 
Berrien family. III, 69. 
John, II, 2G6. 
mansion, II, 272. 
Berry family, III, 75. 
Grace, I, 178. 
John. I, 138, 178. 
Perejn'ine, I, 178. 



Berry, Richard, 1, 178. 
Berthoud, Alexander P., IV, 86. 
" Eethesda " orphan house, I, 

331, 332, 333. 
Bethlehem, II, 322. 
Betts, J. Brognard, IV, 295. 
Beverages, early, I, 293. 
Beverly, I, 96; IV, 90, 91, 268, 294. 
Bickel, Frederick A., IV, 229. 
Biddle, Clement, II, 231. 
Big Bridge, II, 338. 
Big Timber Creek, I, 89, 96. 
Bigelow, Jacob, IV, 54. 
Moses, IV, 163, 166, 168. 
Bilderback, Peter, HI, 108. 
Biles Island, II, 185, 186. 
•' Bill in Chancery," I. 170. 
" Bill of Rights," the, I, 151. 
Billingsport, II, 172, 184, 190, 198; 

III, 107. 108. 
Billop, Christopher, II, 337. 
Binnoy family. III, 64. 
Bird, John T., IV, 148, 172, 175, 

176, 1S2. 
Birmingham Meeting House, II, 

173. 
Birney, William, IV, 82. 
Bishop family. III, 65. 
Black Clayton, IV, 177. 
family, HI, 65. 
John. HI, 195. 
wampum, I, 242. 
Blaokwell's Lane, II, 338. 
Blair, John, II, 224. 

John I., IV, 167. 
Blairstown, IV, 30O. 
Blauvelt, Abraham, III, 54. 

family, II, 317. 
Blazing Star Tavern, I, 234. 
P.lodgett, Rufus, IV, 182. 
Blopmrngert. Samuel, I. 88, 108. 
Bloomfield. I, 134; IT, 338; III, 

106, 184, 254, 255, 257, 317; IV, 
249. 

Hope, T, 178. 

Jeremiah, II, 304. 

Joseph, II. 440; III, 49, 95, 102, 

107, 153, 155, 156, 158; IV, 36, 37. 
Moses, III, 68. 

Sarah, II, 304. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



357 



Bloomingdale, II, 130; III, 170. 
Bloomsburg, II, 426; III, 170, 254, 

255. 
Board of Proprietors, the, I, 1G2. 

of Trade, I, 209. 211. 
Boardville, III, 253. 
Boats, stage, I, 233. 
Bodyguard, Washington's, 11, 

74. 
Boes, Nicholas, I, 139. 
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien, III, 
234. 
Jerome, III, 71. 
Joseph. III. f5. 227-241. 
Joseph Lucien Charles, III, 237. 
Bondmen, I, 199-202. 
Bonhamtown, II, 169, 338; TTr, 

171. 
Bonnel. James, II, 225. 
Book of Common Prayer, the, I, 

21S. 
Books. I. 365. 

Boone, Thomas, I, 39ii; III, 343. 
Boonton, III; 1S4, 252. 
Borden, Joseph, I. 232, 233, 235; 
II. 82, 1S5. ■>83; III, 229. 
family. Ill, 65. 
Joseph, Jr., I, 233, 235. 
Bordentown. I, 96, 203, 232, 234, 
2.",5. 383. 410; II, 143, 145, 153, 
185, 186, 206, 272. 282, 293, 311, 
338; III, 65, 117, I^S, 1S2, 191, 
196, 199, 201, 203, 220, 221, 229; 
IV, 54, 56, 73, 134, 268, 295. 
Boroughs, IV, 268. 
Boston, Port of, cl05ed, II, 49, 

50. 
Bottle Hill. II, 440; III, 76, 106. 
Boudinot, Elias. I. 54, ISO; IT, 
24S, 266, 360, 431; lU, 64; IV, 
263. 
Elisha, III. 74, 367; R', 239. 
family. III. 71. 
Boule, Marcellin, I. 47. 
Bound Brook. II, 59, 70, 216, 219, 
338; HI, 171, 182, 208, 256; IV, 
132, 133. 300. 
encampment at, II. 165. 
Bound Creek, IV, 246. 
Boundaries, county, I, 266-267. 



Boundary Disputes between the 
Jerseys and New York, I, 
158. 
Bounties in the Revolution, II, 

65, 114. 
Bout, Jan Evertsen, I, 114. 
Eowen family, HI, 61. 
Bowman, Nathaniel, II, 224. 
Boyd, Frank E., IV, 228. 
Brackenridge, Hugh, II, 287. 
Braddock, Charles S., TV, 229. 
Braddock's defeat, I, 379. 
Bradford, William, I. 363; HI, 

64. 
Bradley, James A., IV, 341. 
Braine, James, I, 159. 
Brainerd (missionary), I; 70; 

HI, 65. 
Branchville, HI, 76, 256. 
Brandt, Joseph, II, 222. 
Brandywine, the, II, "0, 1/2, 183, 

198. 
Brant Hill. IH, 110. 
Braun, Christian, IT, 196, 200. 
Brearley, David, II, S2, 226, 389, 

S93, 394, 402, 405; III. 30. 
Breda, treaty of. I, 128. 
Breese, Samuel II, 82. 
Brewer, John Hart, IV, ISl, :?; 
Breweries. IV, 349. 
Brick family, HI, 61. 
industries, IV, 346. 
Joshua, HI, 101, 217, ISO, 283. 
Bricksboro, HI, 61. 
BridgPton, I, 95. 231; II, 179, 338. 
415, 453; HI, 52, 61, 220, 249, 
252, 254, 255, 256; FV, 47. 57. 
115. 132, 135. 268, 278. 280, 283. 
2S4, 29S. 309. 316, 371. 
Arfjva, III, 52. 
Plain Dealer, IH, 52. 
Bndgewater Township, creation 

of, I, 276. 
Brigades in the Revolution, H, 

SI. 
Brinkerhoff, William, IV, 143. 
Brisbane, Albert, HI. 303. 
Bristol, II. 144, 145. 151, 186; IH, 

202; IV, 56. 
British mon-of-war, II, HI. 



358 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



British troops, landing of, II, 128. 
Brittain, James, II, i)8, 99. 

John, II, 99. 
" Broad Seal War," the, III, 

331-335. 
Broadheads, I, 378. 
Broclcholst, Anthony, I, 157. 
Broderlck, James, II, 225. 
Brooklyn, II, 129. 
Heights, II, 127. 
Brotherton, I, 70. 

Brown, , I, 339. 

Abraham, III, 197. 
George H., Ill, 281, 390, 392. 
Harvey, III, 357. 
Henry W., IV, 82. 
University, I, 362. 
Browning, Abraham, III, 280. 
Brown's Mills, IV, 323. 
Brunswick Gazette, III, 54. 
Gazette end Weekly Monitor, III, 
54. 
Bryan, William, IV, 83. 
Bryant, Lewis T., IV, 229. 
Brynson, Barefoot, I, 178. 

Daniel, I, 178. 
Buchanan, Henry C, IV, 161. 
Buck family, III, 61. 

Samuel L., IV, 82. 
Buckley, Benjamin, IV, 142. 
Budd family, III, 65, 76. 
Thomas, I, 169, 353, 354. 
Bull, William, II, 225. 
Bull's Ferry, II. 338. 
Bunker Hill, battle of, II, 76. 
Burgoyne, General, II, 170. 
Burling, George C, IV. 83. 
Burlington. I. 96, 134, 153, 154, 166, 
167, 181, 187, 193, 200, 203, 219, 
231, 232, 233. 234, 235, 241, 245, 
256. 265. 267. 272, 273, 275, 298, 
307, 314, 315, 316, 324. 325, 331, 
341, 352, 353, 360, 363, 365, 383, 
395. 400, 407, 410; II, 30, 31, 54, 
67, 99, 100. 110. 113. 120, 121, 144, 
145, 152. 174, 179. 186. 205, 243, 
279, 301. 366. 379, 453; III, 53, 
64, 111, 117, 129, 196, 204, 220, 
313, 319, 320; IV. 47, 56, 259, 
268, 298. 



Burlington Advertiser, III, 53. 
barracks, 1. 384. 
capital of West Jersey, I, 163. 
chartered, I, 271, 272. 
first Friends meeting house 

at, I, 333. 
settlement of, I, 152. , 
College, IV, 298. 
Company, the, I, 235. 
Burlington County, I, 70, 152, 
199, 231, 26U, 267, 263, 275, 
276, 279, 282, 297, 406; II, 54, 
58, 73. 94, 135, 260. 358, 440; III, 
52, 64, 76, 88, 105, 108, 168, 178, 
248, 252, 255, 256, 270, 2S0, 296, 
317; IV, 32, 33, 41, 113, 269, 273, 
274, 275, 2S0, 281, 320, 322, 323, 
346. 
creation of, I. 265. 
In Provisional Congress, II, 

105, 109, 113. 
militia, II, 75, 79, SO, 81, 82, 84. 
Burlington Island, I, 298. 
Burnaby, Rev. Andrew, III, 75. 
Burnet family, HI, 76. 
William, I, 363, IV, 263. 
William (governor), I, 391-392. 
William (judge), III, 74. 
Burr, Aaron, I. 363; III, 40, 66, 
73, 74, 153, 156. 
Aaron, Rev., I, 359, 396; III, 66. 
Barzillai, III. 109. 
family, III, 64. 
-Hamilton duel. III, 156. 
Theodosia, III, 158. 
Burroughs family. III. ^. 
Burrowes. Eden, II, 223. 

John, II, 225. 
Burrowe's Mills, II, 338. 
Burrsville, HI, 109. 
Butcher, Benajah, III, 109. 
Butcher's Works, III, 109. 
Butler. John, II, 222. 
Wallace N., II, 222. 
Buttle, George M.. IV. 228. 
Buttler, William C. IV, 218. 
Byllynge, Edward, I, 145, 148, 149, 

153. 159. 163. 164, 167, 169. 
Byram, HI, 253. 
family. III, 70, 76. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



:^59 



Cadmus family, III, 75. 
Cadwalader, Colonel, II, 144, 145. 

151, 152, 153. 
Cadwallader, Lambert, III, 127. 
Cahierres family. III, 71. 
Calvert, Philip, I, 83. 
Calvert.s Mill.s, I, 378. 
Calvinism, I, 321, 322, 345, 346, 351, 
359; II, 30, 31, 33. 
in East Jersey, I, 175-178. 
in West Jersey, I, 188-189. 
Caldwell, III, 106, 254, 255; IV. 
322. 
David, I, 362. 
James, II, 238, 239; III, 70; IV, 

263. 
Mrs., murder of, II, 238. 
Cambridge, Washington at, II, 

77. 
Camden, I, 234, 235; II, 151, 184, 
193, 203, 338; III, 62, 134, 204, 
220, 221, 369; IV, 47, 56, 73, 89, 
135, 266-267, 346, 349. 
Camden County, I, 96, 282; II, 
94; III, 62, 255, 280; IV, 54, 113, 
276, 278, 280, 281, 320. 
creation of, I, 268. 
Camden and Amboy Railroad, 

III, 179, 189-206, 387, 388; IV, 
125-138. 

Camden and Atlantic Railroad, 

IV, 135. 

Camp, Caleb, II; 116. 

Fair Oaks, IV, 90. 

Frelinghuysen, IV, 90. 

Perrine, IV, 90. 

Stockton, IV, 90. 

Voorhees, IV, 218. 

Vredenburgh. IV, 90, 
Campbell, David, I, 357. 

Edward A., IV, 220, 228. 

Edward C, IV, 82. 

Lord Neill, I, 166. 

Blarie de Rousalat, III, 71. 

Peter, II, 97. 

William H., IV, 266. 
Camptown, IV, 248. 
Canada, grant of, I, 125. 

Invasion of, I, 374-375. 

Viscount, I, 125. 



Canals, III, 177-186; IV, 350. 
Canfield, Augustus, III, 357. 

S. D., Ill, 391. 
Canoe, the Indian, I, 229. 
Canton, III, 248. 
Cape I-Ienlopen, I, 92. 

Breton, I, 373. 
Cape May, I, 76, 82, 84, 89, 90, 92, 
129, 146, 167, 170, 202, 203, 205, 
206, 235, 265, 307, 374; III, 60, 
100, 104, 108, 110, 315, 319; IV, 
72, 115, 131, 135, 267, 2G8, 339. 
Cape May County, I, 108, 109, 
205, 267, 279, 281, 282, 301, 307, 
343, 344, 408, 409; II, 261, 311, 
440; III, 59-60, 88, 105, 264, 270, 
272, 280, 295, 317, 322; IV, 41, 
269, 273, 276, 'M), 281, 282, 320, 
323. 
creation of, I, 265, 206. 269. 
divided into precin* t:\ f, 275. 
in Provisional Congress, II, 

105, 109. 
militia, II, 75, "P. 80, 81, 82, 84, 
S5. 
Cape Ma> Cour' House, IV, 28L 
Ca-^e May Tov^-., I, 231. 
Capner, Thorn ,s. III, 183. 
Capture of Trenton, II, 146. 
Carey, Mathew, III, 63. 
Carleton, Sir Guy, II, 250. 
Carman, Ezra A., IV, 84. 
Carmel, IV. 326. 
Carmichael, Isaac, IV, 196. 
Carnahan, James, III, 333. 
Carpenter family. III, 62. 
Carr, Sir Robert, I, 125, 127. 
Carrow, Howard, IV, 156, 196. 

200. 
Cartagena, I, 372. 
Carter, Benjamin, F., IV, 142, 
175 
Jo>m, I, 325. 
Lydia, I, 325. 
Carteret, James. I, 137. 
Lady Elizabeth, I, 157, 158. 
I,ord, IV, 26. 

Philip, I, 64, 132, 133, 134, 137, 
138, 155-156, 157, 153, 351. 



360 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Carteret, Sir George, I, 06, 129- 
131, 132, 133, 137, 133, 146, 148, 
154. 155, 156, 157, 158, 165, 185. 
Carteret's title in New Jersey 

confirmed, I, 142. 
Cartwright, George, I, 125, 127. 
Caye family. III, 70. 
Cassedy, George, III, 383. 

John, III, 280, 389, 390, 391. 
Castle Point, I, 113; IV, 128, 
Cathcart, Lord, I, 372. 
Catholic Protectory Bill, IV, 146. 
Cattell. Alexander G., Ill, 281; 
IV, 137, 165. 
Jonas, III, 63. 
Cattletown. II, 193. 
Causes of the Revolution, I, 

415-122. 
Cavalry in the Revolution, II, 

73. 
Cavan Point, IV, 112. 
Cedar Bridge, II, 310. 
Creek, II, 338. 
forests, the, I, 281, 282. 
oils, I. 286. 
Celluloid industry, IV. 347. 
Centenary Collegiate Institute, 

IV, 300. 
Central Railroad of New Jer- 
sey, IV, 115, 127, 349. 
Chad's Ford, II, 173. 
Chairville, III, 256. 
Chambers, David, II, h2, 84. 

family. III. 65. 
Chambersburg. IV, 264. 
Chancellor, the, I, 210. 
Chandler, Thomas B.. II, 97, 101. 

William, II, 97, 102. 
Changes in geological forma- 
tions. 1, 36-50. 

Channing, , I, .341. 

Chaplains, loyalist, in the Revo- 
lution, II, 97. 
Characteristics of the Delaware 
Indians, I, 56-71. 
of the early taverns, I, 291-303. 
of the early immigrants, I, 

221-223. 
of the settlers of East Jersey, 
I, 176-181. 



Characteristics of the settlers of 
West Jersey, I, 185-390. 
of the Swedes, I, 99-101. 
Charles I, I, 75, 247. 
Charles II, I, 123-125, 129, 130, 135, 
141, 142, 164, 185, 209. 
recognizes the projirietors of 
the Jerseys, I, 160. 
Charles River, I, 76. 
Charlottenburg, IV, 312. 
Charlotteburg, III, 319. 
Charter of freedom and ex- 
emptions, the, I, 107. 
Charters, town and city, I, 271- 

276. 
Chastellux, Marquis dc, II. 332. 
Chatham II, 253, 336; III, 53, 106, 
169. 
Bridge, III, 73. 
Chemical products, IV, 348. 
Cherry Valley, massacre of, II, 

222. 
Che.sapeake Bay, II, 172. 
Chesquake, I, 274; IV, 311. 
Chester, II, 172, 173, 190, 198; III, 
130, 170. 
Township, I, 275, 276. 
Chesterfield, III, 65; IV, 33. 

Township, I, 275. 
Chestnut Creek, II, 338. 

Neck, II. 321. 
Chetwood, John, I, 313; III, 70. 

William, III, 377. 
Chcveaux-de-frise, a, II, 190, 191, 

194. 195. 
Chew family, III, C3. 
Chief Justices, I. 309, 312. 
Child, Francis, III, 281. 
Christ Church, Shrewsbury, f, 

340, 341. 
Christie, A. La Rue, IV, 229. 
Christina, I, 350. 

Queen, I, 90, 92. 
Church doctrine, I, 332-334. 
of England, the, I, 218, 220, 

326: II, 97. 
schools, early, I, 350. 
Churches, early, I, 331-346. 
Cineinnatus of America, the, II, 
218. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



361 



Cities, I, 263-276; IV, 233-269. 
Civil War, the, IV. 71-78, 81-91. 
Cladek, John J., IV, 8G. 
Clamtown, II, 320. 
Clandestine marriagres, I, 326. 
Clark, A. Judson, IV, 88. 

Abraham, II, 69, 114, 386, 393, 
395; III, 28, 30, 48, 74; IV, 
263. 

Charles, III, 102. 

Peter, I, III, 280. 
Classic of Berpren, III, 318. 

Oi New Brunswick. Ill, 318. 

of Faramus, III, 318. 
Clemen ton. III, 252. 
Clement's Bridge, II, 193-194. 
" Clermont," the. III, 131, 135. 
Cleveland, Orestes, IV, 176. 
Clifton, IV, 154. 
Clime, Joseph F., IV, 229. 
" Clinker Lot Right Men," I, 

170. 
Clinton, III, 70, 170, 172, 208, 255; 
IV, 313. 

De Witt, III, 152. 

General, II, 71, 203, 204, 205, 

"^206, 207, 208, 209, 210. 

George, II, 265; III, 33. 

James, II, 235. 

Sir Henry, II, 178, 179, 235, 237, 
249, 328. 
Closter dock, II, 132. 
ClouRh, Alexander, II, 317. 
Clove, The, II, 332. 
Clymer, Colonel, II, 196. 
Coale, Elisone, I, 177. 

Exercis, I, 177. 

Jacob, I, 177. 
Coasting ve."=!sels, I, 204. 
Coate's Point, II, 243. 
Cobbett, William, III, 62. 
Cochrane, Lewis, IV, 177. 
Cockloft Hall, IV, 246. 
Coetus, the, I, 364. 
Cohansey, I, 147; III, 315. 
Cohanzy, I, 235. 

Bridge, I. 231. 
Cohen, Harry R., IV, 229. 
Coinage, colonial, I, 243-253. 
Colby, Gardner R., IV, 174, 181. 



Colden, Cadwallader D., Ill, 182. 
Coles, Abraham, IV, 297. 

James B., IV, 234. 
Colfax, William, II, 73; III, 105, 

106. 
College of New Jersey (see also 
Princeton College), I, 359-363, 
364, 395, 396; II, 59. 155. 267, 
286, 395; III. 281. 314; IV, 47. 
of Rhode Island, I. 362. 
Collegiate Church School. I, 349. 
Collett, Joshua W., Ill, 357. 
Collin Family, III, 63. 

Rev. Dr., Ill, 63. 
Collins, Dennis F., IV, 229. 
Henry, II, 320. 

Isaac, I, 365; TI, 258, 279, 388; 
III, 50, 55. 
Colonial currency, I, 241 259. 
governors, the last. X. 389-39G, 

399-411. 
plantation, the, I, 194. 
trade, I, 223-224. 
Colonies declared in>lependent, 

II, 114. 
Colonization, by the Dutch, 1. 
105-119. 
by the Swedes, I, 87-101. 
Colony of New Jersey, begr-r- 

ning of, I, 128. 
Colt family. III, 77. 

Peter, II, 176. 
Colt's Neck, II, 338; HI. 67. 
Columbia College. II. 102. 
Columbus, II. 144; III, 239, 249. 
Colve, Anthony, I, 139, 140, 141. 
Colvin, Patrick. II, 426. 
Colvin's Ferry, II, 144. 
Combs, John, II, 225. 
Commerce, intercolonial, I, 224. 
Commercial development. I, 235. 

interests, early, I, 193-194. 
Commissary department, inefli- 

ciency of, II, 175-176. 
Commissioners, government by, 
I, 149-154. 
to ascertain condition of 

troops, II, 69. 
to subdue the Dutch, I, 125- 
126. 



362 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Committees of correspondence 
and inquiry, I, 400-402; II, 
47-61, 136. 
of observation, II, 51, 52, 54. 
of Safety, II. 79, 91, 92, 105-123. 
town and county, II. 47, 50. 
Common law marriages, I, 321. 

pleas court, I, 314. 
*' Common Sense," II, 292. 
Conimunipaw, I, 114, 115; III, 75; 
IV, 235. 
Bay, IV, 235. 
Cove, II, 324. 
" Concessions and Agree- 
ments," I, 66, 132, 133-134, 149- 
152, 270, 287, 310. 
Conciliatory Bills, the, II, 179. 
Con diet, Ira, I, 365. 
John, III, 75, 162. 
Silas, II, 412. 
Condit, Elias, III, 283. 
.Jonathan, IV, 263. 
Lewis, III. 292. 
Silas, III. 280. 
Confederation, Articles of, II, 

365-381. 
Conferentie, the, I. 364. 
Confiscation of Tory property, 

II. 95. 86. 102, 121-122. 
Congar. H. N., IV. 148. 
Congregational churches, the, I. 

134-135. 175. 
Congress. I. 406. 410. 411, 422; II, 
49-53. 57. 65. 67. 68. 71, 72, 75- 
80, 106, 107, 110, HI, 115, 119, 129, 
136, 141, 143, 170, 171, 173. 175, 
177, 179. 185. 208, 217. 218. 220, 
222. 227, 240, 253-261, 265, 373: 

III. 30, 37. 
Provincial, II. 105-123. 

Congress's Own Regiment, II, 

73. 
Connecticut Farms, II, 238, 338. 
Connolly. Bernard. III. 281. 
Conquest of the English, I, 123- 

142. 
Constabularies, I, 275. 
"Constitution," the, II, 100, 101; 

III, 91. 



Constitution of New Jersey, II, 
119-120, 409-421; III, 261-275. 
279-287; IV, 38, 141-148, 151- 
158. 
of the United States, II, 38S- 
405; IV, 95-105. 
Constitutional Commission of 
1873, IV, 142. 
of 1894, IV, 155. 
Convention of 1844, III, 280. 
Continental currency, II, 78. 
troops in the Revolution, II, 
G5-85. 
Conveyances, early, I, 231. 
Conway, Cabal, the, II, 176. 

General, II, 176. 
Cook, George H., IV, 307. 

M^lliam, III, 198. 
Cooke, Governor, II, 160. 
Cooley, Henry Scholield, IV, 35, 

47. 
Cooper, Daniel, I, 2.34. 
Elijah, III, 53. 

family. III, 62, 77. 
■Perries, IV, 266. 
James Fenimore, III, 67. 
John, I, 272; II, 111, 412; III, 

30. 
Thomas, I, 159. 
William R., Ill, 329, 333. 
Cooper's Creek, I, 96, 248; II, 
197; III, 197. 
Ferry, I, 234, 235; II, 151, 184, 
193. 203. 338; III. 82. 
Copper coins, I, 246-247, 249, 250- 
253. 258. 
ornaments, I. 59. 
Cornbury. Governor, T. 64, 211- 
214. 217. 218. 220, 248, 309, 313, 
314, 325, 326, 389, 390, 394; II, 
29; III, 190, 341; IV, 27, 28, 
46. 
Cornwallis, Lord, II, 132, 134, 
135, 143, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 
1E9, 173, 198, 235. 316. 
Corporations, IV. 100. 
Corson family. III, 60. 
Cory Family, III, 74. 
Coryell's Ferry, II, 135, 144, 171; 
III, 70. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



Cosby, William, I, 392. 
Cotton industry. III, 254. 
Council, the, I, 217-225. 

and Governor Franklin, I, 399- 
411. 

last colonial, I, 406. 

of Board of Trade and For- 
eign Plantations, I, 209. 

of Proprietors of West Jersey, 
I, 168. 

of safety, II, 61, 120, 122-123. 
Counsello^-at-law, I, 307-317. 
Counties, XV, 273-287. 

creation of, I, 263-276. 
Counterfeiting, I, 256-259. 

punishment for, II, 118-119. 
County committees, II, 47, 50. 

courts, I, 219. 

lines, I, 206-267. ' 

names, I, 267-269. 
Courts, the, I, 307-317. 

judges of, I, 219. 

organization of I, 131, 218, 263, 
266, 275, 308, 313. 
Covenanters, the, I, 220. 
Covenhoven, John, II, 412; III, 

334. 
Cowell, David, II, 355. 
Cov/enhoven family. III, 66. 
Cox, Albion, I, 250, 251, 252. 

family. III, 67. 

John, II, 356. 

John S., IV, 85. 

Richard, II, 224. 
Coxe, Charles, III, 331. 

Daniel, I, 167, 391; II, 102; III, 
60, 319. 

William, I. 418. 
Craft. G., Ill, 261. 
Craig, Captain, I, 377. 
Craine, Joseph, I, 272. 
Cranbury, I, 236; II, 154, 206. 
Cranberry industry, II, 381. 
Crane, Elvin W., IV, 196. 

family. III, 74. 

Stephen, I, 400; II, 50, 116. 

William. I. 294; II, 440; III, 
TO. 
Cmnetown, IV, 249. 
Cranmer family. III, 60. 



Crawford family. III, 60. 

John, I, 307. 
Crayford, Richard, II, 87. 
Cream Ridge, III, 67. 
Cree, David, III, 53. 
Cress family. III, 60. 
Cripp family. III, 62. 
Crippletown, II, 338. 
Cripps, Justice, I, 225. 
" Crisis, The," II, 293. 
Croes, John, III, 318. 
Crosswiclcs, I, 230, 233, 236; II, 
152. 153, 206. 

Creek, II, 206, 338; III, 229. 

Friends meeting house at, I, 
339. 

treaty at, I, SJiO. 
Croton, II, 200. 
Crowell, Joseph, II, 97. 

Joseph T., IV, 162. 
Crown lands, I, 135. 

Point, I, 380. 
Cuban War— see Spanish-Amer- 
ican Wab. 
Culver's Gap, III, 169, 170, 253. 
Cumberland County, I, 265, 266, 

268, 275, 282, 313, 344, 363; II. 
31, 54, 91, 97, 115, 181, 184, 2 5, 
261, 415, 440; III, 61, 88, . €, 
108, 221, 251, 255, 270, 272, --. 
295, 317, 330; IV, 32, 41, ii 

269, 273, 275, 278, 280, 281, 298, 
319, 323, 346. 

creation of, I, 267, 269. 

in Provisional Congress, II, 
105, 109. 

militia, II, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 
85. 
Gumming, John N., II, 224. 

John Noble, III, 74; IV, 239. 
Currency, I, 241-259; II, 78, 220. 

paper, first allowed, I. 221. 
Customs. Indian. I, 54-63. 
Cutler, Augustus W., IV, 142, 

176, 177, 182, 188, 191. 
Cuyers family. III, 71. 
Dagget, Mate, I, 248. 
Dagworthy, Captain, I, 374. 
Daly, William D., IV, 196. 
Dally, J. W., IV, 32. 



364 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Danbury, 11, 216. 

Danby, Sir Thomas, I. 76. 

d'Anterroches, Count, II, 440; 

III, 71. 
Darcy, John R., Ill, r.9. 
r>are Family, III, 61. 
Dartmouth College, I, 362. 
Davenport, '^^ranklin, II, 440. 

Richard, II, 425. 
Davidson, John, IV, 169. 
Davies, Samuel, I, 360; III, 66. 
Davis, Thomas, I, 272. 
Day's Gazette, III, 261. 
Dayton, Colonel, II, 239. 

Elias, II, 67, 69, 72, 82, 224, 251, 
252, 253, 437, 449; III, 30; IV, 
263. 

Elias B., II, 101. 

Jonathan, II, 224, 394, 401; III, 
36, 162. 

William, II, 101. 

William Lewis, III, 394, 395. 
De Bosen, Baron, II, 322. 
De Clot Family, III, 71. 
De Cou family, I, 180. 
De Fermoy, General, II, 144, 148. 
De Hart, John, II, 50, 111. 

William, IV, 263. 
De Kalb, General, II, 171. 
De la Fontaine family, I, 180. 
De la Valle, John, I, 180. 
De Lacher's Hook, Jan, I, 116. 
De Laistre, Terrier, III, 71. 
De Lancey, Stephen, II, 95. 
De Marole Family, III, 71. 
De Mauperrins, Lady Anne 

Renfie Defoerger, III, 71. 
De Miralles, Don Juan, II, 235, 

236. 
De Ronde, Frank S., IV, 228. 
De Touchimbet Family, III, 71. 
De Vries, David Pietersen, I, 

107. 
De Witt family. III, 77. 

John, I, 360. 
Deacon, George, I, 307. 
Deal, I, 279. 

Deane, Simeon, II, 179. 
Deare, Major, I, 410. 
Decher Family, III, 77. 



Dechert, Henry T., IV, 220. 
Decker town. III, 77, 170, 172, 255; 

IV, 312. 
Declaration of Independence, 

II, 128, 422; II, 210. 
signers of, II, 114. 

Decline of Holland's power In 
America, I, 116-119, 123. 

Doer, I, 287. 

Defense of Fort Mercer, II, 189- 
200. 

" Delaware," the, II, 173, 243. 

Delaware and Raritan Canal, 

III, 179; IV, 125, 266, 350. 
Delaware Bay, I, 77, 81, 106, 129, 

204, 206; III, 99. 
Hudson in, I, 105. 
Delaware Capes, I, 371. 
Falls, I, 230. 

Indians, I, 29-.50, 55-71. S80, 383. 
I^ackawanna and Westei*n 
Railroad, IV, 115, 126, 349. 
Delaware River, I, 29-39, 43-50, 
82, 232, 294, 328, 350, 372. 377; 
III, 128, 177, 1S2, ISO. 
exploration of, I, 76-77. 
Hudson in, I, 105. 
military operations along, II, 

141-156, 159-186, 189-200. 
Washington crossing, the, II, 
143-147. 
Delaware Valley, the, I, 29-50, 

82; II, 61. 
Delaware Water Gap. I, 44, 378. 
Delegates to the Continental 
Congress, II, 50, 53. Ill, 114. 
to the first Provisional Con- 
gress, II, 105. 
Dellman's stage patent. III, 

190. 
Deniarest, Abraham, IV, 85. 
David D., I. 364. 
family, I, 180; II, 317. 
Democracy, the new. III. 45-55. 
Democratic party, the, HI, 9P, 
329, 386, 390-400; IV, 66, 73. 
95, 99, 104, 116, 118, 137, 146, 154, 
161-202. 
Demont, William, TI, 130. 
Denman Family, III, 74. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



365 



Dennis Neck, III, 60. 

Sybiah, I, 177. 
Dennisville, III, 249, 256. 
Deptford, IV, 2S3. 
Deputies to the first Continental 

Congress, II, 50, 53. 
Derrom, Andrew. IV, 85, 229. 
Derwent Creek, I, 266. 
D'Estaing, Count, II, 211, 237. 
Dey, Anthony, IV, 234, 238. 

Theunis, II, 69, 82, 239. 
Dick, Samuel, II, 82, 412, 414; 

III, 334. 
Dickerson. Mahlon, III, 76, 120, 
154, 160, 162, 281, 283, 381. 
Philemon, III, 217, S29, 333, 381, 
382. 
Dickinson, General, II, 185, 204, 
205, 207, 239. 
Isaac v., IV, 168, 170. 
Jonathan. I, 358; II, 111, 301. 
Philemon, II, 81, 97, 357; III, 

30; IV, 143. 
Samuels, III, S57. 
Dillon, William, 11, 245. 
Directions of Berkeley and Car- 
teret, I, 66. 
Director-generals, the Dutch, I, 

107-119. 
Dividing Creek, Til, 61. 315. 
Divorce and marriage, I, 321- 

328. 
Di.x, Dorothea Lynde, III. 291- 
297. 
Waller R., III. 73. 
Warren R., II, 440. 
Dixon, Jonathan, IV, 177. 
Doane, Charles K., IV, 88. 

George W.. Ill, 321. 
Dobbins, John, III, 195. 
Dobb's Ferry, II, 58. 
Doctrine, church. I. .S32-334. 

of non-resistance, II, 32. 
Dod, Daniel, III, 135. 
family, IV, 249. 
Thaddeus, I, 362. 
Dodd, David C, IV, 182. 

John, III, 106. 
Dodge, Daniel, III, 54. 



Domestic life in the colony, I, 

193-199. 
Donaldson, Alexander E., IV, 

86. 
Dongan, Edward Vaughan, II, 
95-96. 
governor, I, 162, 163; III, 340. 
Donnelly, Richard A., IV, 188, 

196. 
DoNOP, see also Von Donop. 
Colonel, II, 145, 151, 152, 302. 
Douglass, Edwin, III, 181. 
George, III, 230. 
Joseph, III, 230. 
mansion, the, II, 154. 
William, III, 320. 
Dover, III, 76, J 70, 172, 184, 252, 

253; IV, 312. 
Doylestown, II, 204. 
Drake, E. Cortlandt, r/, 156. 
family. III, 68, 76. 
Jacob, II, 82. 
Drakesville, IV, 313. 
Drew Theologicw Seminary, IV, 

300. 
Drinks, early, \ 293. 
Dripps, Isaac, III, 199. 
Drowned lands, the, I, 236: II. 

118. 
Drummer, Samuel R., Ill, 357 
Drummond, John, I, 159. 

Robert, II, 96. 
Drunkenness, legislation re- 

gaiding, I, 294-303. 
Du Dues family, III, 71. 
Du Bois, Edmund, IV, 229. 

family. III, 62. 
Pu Portaile, General, II, 179. 
Du Simitiere, Pierre Eugene, II, 

218; III, 336. 
Duane, Jnmes, II, 237, 
Duels, III, 62, 156. 
Dufors family. III, 71. 
Dnke of Cumberland, I, 268. 
Duke of York, I. 124, 125, 126. 127, 
128, 129, 138, 142, 146, 147, 153, 
154, 155, 156, 209. 23.".. 
becomes King James II, I, 164, 



366 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Duke of York confirms the sale 

of the Jerseys, I, 159-150. 
" Duke's Laws," the, I, 127. 
Dumont family, III, 69. 
Dunham family, III, 68. 
Dunlap, William, III, 68, 268. 
Duplessis, General, II, 20S. 
Dupui, Samuel, I, 378. 
Dutch, the, I, 351. 
and Indians, the, I, 63-70. 
Calvinists, the, I, 345. 
church, the, I, 344, 345. 
in the New World, the, I, 

105-119. 
Lutherans, the, I, 344. 
operations in New Sweden, I, 

87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93-94, 98-99. 
patroonships, creation of, I, 

109. 
Reformed elements, I, 422. 
rule renewed, I, 13S-139. 
settlers, III, 67, 68, 76. 
West India Company, I, 87, 88, 
93, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 
112, 113, 117, 126, 128. 
Duties on imports, I, 419. 
Duyckinck, John, II, 82. 
Dwellings, early, I, 194-1S6. 
Dye, Theunis, II, 331. 
Dyer family. III, 77. 

Lorenzo D., IV, 229. 
" Eagle," The Capture of. III, 

98. 
Eakin, Rev. Samuel, III, 62. 
Earl of Camden, I, 268. 
of Clarendon, I, 213. 
of Dartmouth, I, 401. 
of Perth, I, 159, 162. 
Early transportation, I, 229-237. 
I ast India Companj% I, 105. 
;i ast Jersey, I, 154-171, 209, 210, 
211, 218, 219, 220, 230, 231, 243, 
244, 245, 254, 273. 282, 283, 287, 
291, 296, 298, 307, 308, 309, 310, 
312. 321, 322, 323. 328, 336, 373, 
391; II, 30. 47, 100, 134, 136; III, 
339. 
counties in, I, 263-264, 267. 
early roads in, I, 230. 
formation of, I, 148. 



East Jersey-New York bound- 
ary line, the, I, 168. 
preparing for the Revolution, 

II, 47-60. 
purchased by Penn and his 

associates, I, 158-159. 
schools, I, 351, 352. 
settlers of, I, 113, 175-181, 
East Newark, IV, 244. 
Orange, IV, 249, 268. 
Eastern Battalion in the Revo- 
lution, II, 66, 82, 231. 
Easton, I, 377, 378; II, 225, 226, 
227. / 

treaty at, I, 383, 396. 
Eaton family, III, 67. 
Eayre family. III, 64. 
Eayrestown, I, 235; III, 64. 

Ebelin, , I, 255. 

Economic conditions, early, I, 

220-225. 
Edgepelick, I, 70; III, 65. 
Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, 

I, 179. 
Edsail, Joseph E., Ill, 281. 
Education, I, 349-368; IV, 291-30L 

of women, I, 196. 
Edwards, Jonathan, I, 359; III, 
70. 
Jonathan, Jr., I, 363. 
Eglington, III, 67. 
'• Effingham," the, II, 185. 
Egg Harbor, I, 167, 168; II, 319, 
338; IV, 268. 
Township, II, 75. 
Eldridge family. III, 60. 

John, I, 153. 
Elections provided in West Jer- 
sey, I, 149-150. 
Elective franchise, the, I, 219. 
Electric railways, IV, 350. 
Elizabeth, I, 157, 178, 230, 263; II, 
30, 51; III, 104, 169. 171, 202, 
297, 369. 372; IV. 56, 114, 127, 
152, 217. 263-265, 277. 
barracks, I, 384. 
River, II, 204. 
Elizabethport, I, 230; II, 234; IV, 
56. 349. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



367 



Elizabethtown, I, 133, 135, 136, 
137, 139, 140, 154, 155, 156, 170, 
178, 193, 230, 236, 252, 263, 271, 
274, 294, 296, 321, 325, 331, 332, 
358, 361; II, 31, 51, 52, 53, 58, 
66, 67, 70, 71, 92. 97, 101, 110, 164, 
215, 216, 225, 235, 238, 239, 310, 
311, 33S, 430, 440, 453; III, 51, 
53, 70, 248, 315, 317, 320; IV, 43, 
127, 233, 263. 
and Somerville Railroad Com- 
pany, III, 208. 
Point, I, 294; II, 238, 239, 33S; 
III, 134. 
Ellenburgh, I, 148. 
Ellis, Colonel, II, 184. 

Joseph, II, 82, 414. 
Elmer, Daniel, III, 280, 
Ebenezer, II, 415; III, 52, 107. 
Ell, II, 440. 
family, III, 61. 
General, III, 105, 108. 
Jonathan, II, 239; III, 26, 152. 
Lucius Q. C, III, 178, 292. 
Theophilus, II, 69, 412. 
Elsingboro Point, I, 95. 
Ely, Addison, IV, 229. 

family. III. 65. 
Emley, Eugene. IV, 156. 
Emott, James, I, 307. 
Encampment at Bound Brook, 
II, 165. 
at Morristown, II, 159-166. 
End of Dutch rule, I, 126-127. 
Englewood. II, 330. 
English Calvinists, the, I, 35L 
coins, value of, I, 245. 
conquest, the, I, 123-142. 
driven from vicinity of Phila- 
delphia, I, 91. 
landing of, II, 128. 
rule renewed, I, 141-142. 
Engllshtown, II, 210. 
Episcopal Church, the, I, 344, 

345, 346; II. 30. 
Equipment of troops in the 

Revolution. II, 77-78. 
" Era of Good Feeling," III, 

ICl. 
Erie Railroad, IV. 115, 12S, 319. 



Eriwonecks, the, I, 82. 
Esopus, I, 127. 

Indians, I, 112. 
Essex County, I, 59, 263, 267, 268, 
274, 343, 344, 356, 378, 400, 408, 
409, 421; II, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 73, 
96, 116, 2G0. 439, 440; III, 87, 
103, 105, 106, 254, 255, 269, 270, 
280, 296; IV, 33, 41, 45, 148, 273, 
274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 320. 
creation of, I, 263. 
in Provisional Congress, II, 

105, 109. 
militia, II, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 
83, 84. 
Estelville, III, 251. 
" Eumenes," III, 261. 
Evacuation of N'-w Jersey by 
the British, IJ. 169. 
of New York by the Ameri- 
cans, [I, 129. 
Evans, Nathaniel, II, "Hl'l. 
Evelln, Robert, I, 76, 80. 
Evertsen, Cornelius, I, 138, 139. 
Everett, John, IV, 55. 
Evesham, IV, 47. 

Township, I, r:s. 
Evidences of p.^.eolithic man, I, 

30-50. 
Ewing, Charles, III, 220; IV, ^- 
General, II, 144. 145, 151. 
James, III, lly. 
William B., Ill, 2S0. 
Examinations for the bar, I, 31L 
Excise tax, I, 297. 
Exporting of goods prohibited, 

II, 57. 
Eyre, Richard, II, 243. 

Pagan, , II, 94. 

Fairfield, III, 61, 220, 255. 
Fairmount, IV, 249. 
Falkinburg family, III, 60. 
Family life in the colony, I, 193- 
199. 
relations, Indian, I, 59. 
Farewell Address, "Washlng- 

ton's, II, 269. 
Farlee, Isaac, J., Ill, 390. 
Farmer, Captain, I, 373. 
Ferdinand, III, 319. 



368 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Farmers' Journal and Newton 

Advertiser, III. 55. 
Farm life, early, I, 193-199. 
Farms. IV, 317-327. 
Farnsworth, Thomas, III, 229. 
Farnum, IV, 294. 
Fauna of the Delaware Valley, 

I, 31, 32. 

Federal coinaare, I, 253. 
constitution (see also Consti- 
tution of the United States), 

II, 385-405; IV, 95-105. 
Pedoralists, II, 240; 111, 25-41, 84, 

88, 153, 159, 386. 
Fennimore, John W., Ill, 391, 

307. 
Fenwick, John, I, 145, 146, 147, 

148, 153, 159, 168-lfi9. 
Ferajuson, Patrick, II, 320. 
Fermoy, General, II, 154. 
Fernow, Berthold. I, 106, 110. 
Ferrago. Ill, 252. 
Ferrell, Thomas N., IV, 200. 
Ferries, III, 62, 190; IV, 126, 233. 
P'erromont, IV, 313. 
Ferry, George J., IV, 143. 
Fertilizers, early, I, 198. 
Field, Richard S., III. 281. 
Fifth Battalion in the Revolu- 
tion, II, 73. 
Financial systems, colonial, I, 

24;!-2E9. 
Fines for drunkenness, I, 296- 

299. 
Finley, Rev. Dr., Ill, fiO. 

Samuel, I, 362. 
Finn immigration, I, 91. 
Fires, forest, I, 282, 2S3. 
First Assembly, the, I, 135. 
Battalion in the Revolution, 

[[, 66, 67, 68, 69, 82, 99. 
chief justice, I, 309. 
class of Princeton College, I, 

361-363. 
election of a governor, II, 119. 
Establishment, New Jersey 

line, II, 66, 67, 69, 70. 
governor of New Jersey, I, 

132. 
Indian reservation, I, 70. 



First lawyer in New Jersey, I, 
313. 
Legislature, the, I, 152. 
medical school in America, I, 

362. 
Provisional Congress, II, 105. 
school in New Jersey, I, 349-350. 
Fish, Benjamin, III, 197, 373. 
Fisher, Hendrick, I, 400; II, 105, 

109. 
Fishing interests, I, 205-206, 281, 

287-288. 
Fishkill, II, 215. 
Fisk, James, IV, 129. 
Fitoh, John, III, 127-130, 135. 
Fithian, family. III, 61. 

Philip Vicars, I, 363. 
Fitzrandolph family. III, 68. 
Five Mile Beach, I, 2S0. 

Mile Run, II, 154. 
Fleming family. III, G9. 

Jacob, II, 247. 
Flomington, II, 332; III, 69, 317; 

IV, 90, 135, 285. 
Fleniming, John, II, 156. 
Flint, discovery of, II, 118. 
" Floreat Rex," I, 247. 
Force, Menning, III, ."?9. 
Flying Camp, the, II, 80, 128, 141 
Ford, Henry A., Ill, 383, 390. 

house, the, II, 231, 233. 

Jacob, Jr., II, 82, 83, 231, 
Forests, original, I, 281-288. 
Forked River, III, 321. 
Forman, David, II, 250: III, 66. 

General, II, 73. 205. 

Jonathan, II, 224, 440. 

Samuel, II, 81. 
Fornet, Cornelius, IV, 85. 
Forrest, Thomas, II, 147. 
Fort Amsterdam, I, 116. 

Beversrede, I, 110. 

Casimir, I, 94, 112. 

Altena, I, 112. 

Christina, I, 89, 112. 

Clinton, III, 104. 

Dayton, II, 68. 

Duquesne, I, 379, 380, 381. 

Edward, I, 379, 384. 

Fish, III, 104, 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



369 



Fort, George F., Ill, 2S1, 390, 391. 
Hancock, IV, 220, 222. 
Independence, II, 170. 
Hope, I, 109. 
James, I, 139. 
John Franklin, IV, 156. 
Lee, II, 130, 132, 133, 134, 292, 

312, 338; III, 208. 
Mercer, II, 172, 174, 338; defense 

of, II, 189-200. 
Mifllin, II, 172, 174. 189, 191, 192, 

197, 198. 
Nassau, I, 89, 90, 92, 94, 106, 110; 

II, 1S9. 
Necessity, I, 376. 
New Amstel, I, 112. 
New Gottenburg, I, 93. 
Nya Elfsborg, I, 93, 95. 
Orange. I, 106, 107, JIO. 
Scbuyler, li, 98. 
Ticonderoga, I. 379, 380, 382. 
Washington, II, 130-131, 133. 
Wniiam Henry, I. 379, 381. 
Fossiliferous deposits, I, 42. 
Foster, Jeremiah T., HI, 108. 
Fourth Battalion in the Revolu- 
tion, II, 70, 71. 
Fowler, Samuel, III, 217; IV, 84. 
Fox Chase Tavern, 11, 148. 

George, I, 145, 164. 
France, England's wars with, 1, 
371-385. 
treaty with, II, 179, 203. 
Francine, Louis R., IV, 83. 
Franklin, Benjamin, I, 196, 396, 
S99, 407, 417; II, 33, 215, 217, 
236, 340, 344. 
Joseph, III, 395. 
Park, I, 410. 
Mrs. William, II, 117. 
Township, I, 243. 
William, I, 220, 356-357, 389, 396, 
399-411, 417, 418; H. 30, 91, 94, 
95, 128, 136, 249, 302; III, 64, 190, 
343. 
William Temple, I, 3?9; II, 340. 
Fraser, John D., IV. 228. 
Fraunce, Samuel. II, 350. 
Fredericksburg, II, 215, 216. 
Free schools, I, 351. 

[Vol. 4] 



Freehold, I, 236, 275, 345; II, 48, 
55, 206, 226, 3o9, 411; III, 66, 106; 
TV. GO, 112, 135, 285, 299. 
Township, II, 48. 
Freeholders' meetings, II, 47-49, 

51, 52. 
Freeman family, III, 68. 
Frelinfhuysen, III, 33; IV, 294. 
Frederick, I, 363; II, S3, 105, 205, 

414. 439, III, 69; IV, 156. 
Frederick, T., Ill, 385; IV, 97, 

162. 
John, ITI, 69. 
John W , III, 106, 107. 
Theodore, III, 387. 
French alliance, the, II, 218. 
and Indian Wars, I, 65, 70, 340, 
375-385, 395, 41/.. 408, 415, 417; 
II, 29, 97. 
family, ITI, 60. 
fleet, arrival of, II, 211. 
Huguenots, II, 33. 
immigration, I, 179-181. 
minister, arrival of, II, 221. 
Philip, III, 68. 
privateers, I, 371, 374. 
Samuel G., ITT, 356, 358. 
settlers, ITI, R4, 67, 70. 
Freneau, Phih:p, I, 363; II, 33, 

287; III, 32, 67. 
FniRN'ns see Society zx 

Fkiexds. 
Friends of Liberty, IT. 106. 
Fries, Claude S., IV, 229. 
Frieshurg, III, 62. 
" Frog War," The, TV, 129. 
Fugitive slave law, TV, 51. 
Fulton, Robert, III, 130. 
Fund, school, I, 353. 
"Fundamental Agreement," the, 
I, 134. 
Constitutions, the, I, 160-162, 

310, 321, 322. 323. 
Laws of West Jersey, I. 68. 
Furnishings, colonial, I, 195-196. 
Furniture, early, I, 286. 
Gnce, Thomas, II, 57, 115. 
Gaine. Hugh, ITI, 54. 
Galloway. Joseph, II, 143. 
Galloway's, II, 171. 



370 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Game, early, I, 286-287. 
Gardner, John J., IV, 148. 190. 

Thomas, I, 307. 
Garrison, , I, 339. 

family, III, 61, 62. 
Gates, Horatio, II, 143, 222. 
Gaudry, Albert, 1, 47. 
Gaunt family. III, 60. 
Gazette, New Jerney, I, 365. 
Gazette, New York, I, 233. 
General Assembly, the, I, 150. 
163. 

Congress, the, II, 115. 

sessions courts, I, .314. 
Genet, ^. C, III, 34. 
Genius of Liberty, The, III, 53, 

55. 
Geolopry of New Jer.sey, I, 30. 

33-50; IV, 303-313. 
George I, I, 390, 391, 400. 
George II, I, 411; II, 2;7. 
George III, I, 404; II, 49, 106, 

152, 179, 194. 
Gerard, M., II, 221. 
Germain, Lord George, II, 152, 

203. 
German Flats, II, 68, 222. 

Lutherans, the, I, 344. 

palatinates, II, 33. 

Presbyterians, the, I, 344. 

settlers, III, 62, 318. 

Theological Scliool, IV, 300. 

troops, the, II, 130. 

Valley, III, 170. 
Germantown, II, 70, 173. 
Gerrymander of 1812, III, 87. 
Gibbons, Thomas, III, 135. 
Gibbs, Waldo E., IV, 229. 
Gibson, Samuel, I, 299. 

William, I, 159. 
Gifford Tavern, III, 74. 

William, II, 224. 
Gilchrist, Robert, III, 280; IV, 

142. 
Gill family. III, 67. 
Girard, Stephen, III, B4, 100, 193. 

228. 
Glacial period, I, 31, 36-40, 43-47, 
49. 



Glass industry. III, 62, 249, 251; 

IV, 3^6. 
Glassboro, III, 251; IV. 13i). 
Gloucester, I, 167, 2.'55, 246, 307, 
332, 344, 383; II, 174, 203; IV, 
151, 268. 
Gloucester County, I, 96, 101, 231, 
266, 267, 268, 279, 2S2, 285, 297. 
343, 400; II, 31, 94, 1S4, iS9, 261, 
311, 453, 454; III, 62, 88, 105, 
108, 109, 168, 195, 251, 254, 27fi, 
280, 292, 295, 317; IV, 41, 113, 
273, 274, 276, 278, 280, 281, 320, 
323. 
creation of, I, 265. 
In F'rovisional Congress, II, 

105, 109. 
militia, II, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84. 
Gloucester Fox Hunting Club. 

Ill, 63. 
Gloucester Point, IT, 174, 184. 
Glover, General, II, 198. 
Gnadenhutten burned, I, 378. 
Goadsby, Thomas, I, 250, 251, 252. 
Goble, Luther, IV, 208. 
Godets family, HI, 71. 
Godyn, Samuel, I, 108. 
Goesser, Henry R., IV, 228. 
Golden family, III, 60. 
Good Intent, III, 254. 

Luck, HI, 321. 
Gordon, Charles, III, 102. 
Robert, I, 159. 
Thomas F., Ill, 169. 
Gordon's " Gazetteer of New 

Jersey," IV, 40. 
Gorgas, William C, IV, 218. 
Gould, Jay, IV, 132. 
Gouldtown, IV, 47. 57. 
Gouverneur, Abraham, IV, 246. 

Nicholas, IV, 246. 
Government, instructions for. 
by Queen Anne. I, 217-220. 
lodged in the Provisional Con- 
gress, II, 113. 
of the State perfected, II, 119. 
of East Jersey, I, 154-171. 
of New Netherland, I, 111-119. 
right of, by deed, I, 209, 2U. 
of West Jersey, I, 145-154. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



371 



Governor, the first, I, 132. 
Council and Assembly, the, I, 

217-225. 
first election of, II, 119. 
Governors, royal, the last, I, 

3!::9-396, 399-411. 
Governor's Island, II, 127. 
Graduates of Princeton College, 

early, I, 363. 
Graham, William, I, SG2. 
Grand jury, the, I, 315; II, 50-51. 
Grandin's Bridge, III, 177. 
Grant, General, II, 144, 154. 
Grant of James to Berkeley and 
Carteret, I, 129-131. 
of West Jersey by the Duke of 
York, I, 153. 
" Grants and Concess^ions," the, 

I, 170. 
" Gravel-bed " implements, I, 35. 

deposits, I, 38-43. 
Gravelly Point, II, 247. 

Kun, IV. 282. 
Gravels, Trenton, I, 43-50. 
Graveyards, church, I, 346. 
Grazing, early, I, 280. 
Great Egg Harbor, I, 266. 
Meaclow, III, 184. 
Seal of New Jersey, II, 283; 
III, 333-344. 
Green, Ashbel, I, 363. 
Bank, II, 302; III, 64, 129. 
family. III, 66. 
Henry W., Ill, 281. 
Jacob, II. 257, 412. 
James S , III, 181, 38;^, 385. 
John C, IV, 299. 
Lake, IV, 305. 
Pond Mountains, IV, 313. 
Robert S., IV, 142, 182, 183. 
Greenback movement, IV, 117, 

176, 177. 
Greene, Christopher, II, 131, 192, 
193, 194, 19S, 199, 200. 
General, II, 132, 149, 1.50, 162, 

175, 176, 179, 205, 208, 219. 
Mrs., II, 219. 
Nathaniel, II, 198. 
Greensburg, IV, 312. 



Greenwich, I, 332, 235; III, 61. 
255; IV, 55. 
tea party, I, 422; II, 29, 37-44. 
Township, I, 276; II, 109. 
Greenwood Lake, IV, 305. 
Gregory, Dudley S., Ill, 395, 3SS; 

IV, 125, 143. 
Grenada captured, I, 385. 
Grey, Samuel H., IV, 142, 156, 
157. 
Sir Charles, II, 316. 
" Griffin," arrival of the, I, 146. 
Griffin, Colonel, II, 151. 
Griffith, David, JI, 31S. 

William, III, 49, 155. 261. 
Griggs, John W., IV, 183, 189, 194 
Gnggstown, III, 182. 
Groom, Peter, I, <;%. 
Groome, Samuel, /, 158, 325. 
Grover family. 111, 67. 
James, I, 177. 
Salty, I, 177. 
Groveville, III, 229. 
Growth of the stajre wagon and 

stage boat routes, I, 234. 
Grubb, Edward Burd, IV, 85, 87, 
183, 186. 
family, III, 68. 
Guerrilla warfare, II, 93. 
Gulsebertson, William, II, 122. 
Gulf Mill, II, 175. 
Gum arable, I, 2S5. 
Gummere, Barker, IV, 148. 
Gustin family. III, 77. 
Guttenberg, II, 325; IV, 151, 244. 
Ilabersham, James, II, 102. 
Hackensack, I, 236, 274, 364; II, 
65. 96, 132, 313, 330, 3:;!9; III, 75, 
106, 171, 172, 191, 318, 322; IV, 
45, 233, 284, 287, 324. 
Meadows, HI, 117; IV, 128. 
River, I, 230, 263, 274; II, 93, 133, 
310, 316; III, 207; IV, 1S6, 244, 
312. 
Township, I, 274. 
Valley, the, II, 30. 
Hackett, Michael, I, 299. 

Samuel, III, 77. 
Ilackettstown, I, 236; II, S32; III. 
77, 184, 253; IV, 300. 



372 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Haddon family, HI, 63. 
Haddonfleld, I, 303; II, 121, ICl, 
184, 193, 197, 198, 205; III, 63, 
313. 337. 
Haight, Charles, IV, 170, 172. 

Thomas G., Ill, 281, 389. 
Haines, Daniel. Ill, 279, 385, 3S9. 
Hale. Nathan, II, 165. 
Haledon, IV, 312. 
" Half Moon," the, I, 105-106, 113. 
Hall family, III. 62. 
Halsey family. Ill, 76. 

George A., IV, 146, 172, 183. 

Jacob, III, 54. 

William. IV. 239. 
Halstead, William, III, 329. 
Halstead's Point, It, 339. 
Halsted, Oliver S., Ill, 280. 

William, III, 181; IV, 84. 
Halsted's Cavalry, IV, 84, 
Hamburg, III, 170, 172, 253, 372. 
Hamilton, , I, 374. 

Alexander, II, 116, 147, 398; III, 
30, 31, 40, 70, 157; IV, 234, 237, 
250. 

Andrew, I. 166. 167. 392; III, 340. 

-Burr duel. III, 156. 

College, I, 362. 

Fowler, III, 356. 

John, I, 395. 

Morris R., Ill, 236. 

Samuel R., Ill, 383. 
Hammell, John, 11, 97. 
Hammond, Captain, II, 190, 191. 
Hariimonton, III, 251. 
Hampton Sidney College, I, 362. 
Hance, Monsieur, I, 180. 
Hancock family. III, 62. 

Judge, II. 1S2. 
Hancock's Bridge, II. 182-184, 339. 
Hand. Colonel. II, 181, 182. 

Edward, II, 223. 
Handley, George, IV, 228. 
Handy, Captain Levin, II, 325. 
Hanover, I, 163; II, 25V, 412; III, 
76, 249, 255. 



Hanover Township, II, 54, 96. 
Harcourt, Colonel, II, 142. 
l-Iardenberg, Augustus, IV, 176, 
176. 

Augustus A., IV, 177. 
Hardenbergh, Cornelius L., Ill, 

3S0. 
Hardiston, HI, 253. 
Hardwick, III, 77. 
Hardy, Governor, IV, 29. 

Josiah, I, 396. 
Haring, Cornelius A., II, 316. 

family, II, 317. 
Harker family, III, 77. 
Harlem Heights, II, 130. 
Harmony, III, 253. 
Harris, Ephraim, III, 334. 

family. III, 61. 
Harrison, IV, 244. 

Benjamin, II, 217, 431. 

Charles, II, 97. 

Francis, III, 357. 

George, I, 272. 

Joseph, I, 272. 
Harsimus Bay, IV, 235. 
Hart family, HI, 65. 

John, II, 113, 114. 

Thomas, I, 158. 
Hartley, D., II, 344. 
Hartmann, Carl F., IV, 223, 229. 
Hartshorn, Hugh, I, 1F.9. 
Hartshorne family. III, 67. 
Hasbrouck, A. Bruyn, III, 285. 

Institute, IV, 298. 
Haskell, Llewellyn S., IV, 249. 
Hatch, William B., IV, 82. 
Hatfield, Cornelius, Jr.. II, 97. 

family, III. 74. 

James T., IV, S3. 
Hatton, John, I, 418. 
Haugevort, Gerardus, III, 75. 
Havana, I, 3S5. 
Haverstraw, I, 236; II, 211. 
Hay, Andrew K., Ill, 398. 
Hayes, Samuel, II, 84. 
Playwood, Joel, HI, 392. 
Ilazelwood, Commodore, II, 174» 

191, 192, 197. 
Hnzen. General, II, 215. 

Moses, II, 73. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



373 



Hazlet, John, II, 156. 

Heard, Nathaniel, I, 409, 110; II, 

79, SO, S2, 97. 
Ileathcote Brook, III, 17S, 181. 
Hebrews?, the, I, 28S. 
Heckman, Charles A., IV, 83. 
Hadden, Dr., II, 97. 
Helm, fannily. III, 63. 
Helmes, William, II, 224. 
Hendtrson, Thomas, III, 68. 
Hendrickson, Charles E., IV, 

177, 182. 
Hendry, Samuel, II, 224. 
Henry, Earl of Stirling, I, 125. 

Professor, IV, 287. 
Herrirg-, Thomas H , III, 399. 
Hessian road, the, II, 194. 

run, II, 194. 
Hessians, the, II, 91. 128, 137, 143, 
149, 150, 151. 152-151;. 173, 179, 
182, 1S9, 193, 194, 1P5, 196, 197, 
198, 199, 205, 209, 257. 
at Trenton, II, 144. 
Heston, Alfred M., II, 189. 
Hewitt, Faith, I, 177. 

family. III, 60. 
Hexamer, William, IV, 88. 
Heyssen, Peter, I, lOS. 
Heywood, John, I, 159. 
Hibbler, Samuel. Ill, 281. 
Hicksites, III, 311-314, 380. 
Higbee, Joseph, II, 353. 
Hii?h Point, IV, 304. 
Highland Light House, IT, 247. 
Highlands, the, I, 136, II, 66, 132, 

221; III, 96, 105, 106. 
Plightstown, III, 201, 316; IV, 134, 

299. 
Highwaj'men, I, 236. 
I-Iighways, early, I, 230-231, 235- 

237. 
Hill, John, IV, 174, 177. 
Hilliard, Henrj', III, 391. 
Hillsborough, II, 59, 121, 389; III, 

255. 
Hinchman, John, I. 400. 
Hine, Edwin W., IV, 228. 
Hires, George, IV, 156. 
Hirsch, Baron de, IV, 326. 



" Historical Collections of the 
State of New Jersey," III, 
251. 
" History of the Colony of 
Nova CjEsarea or New Jer- 
sey," I. 170-171. 
Hjorte Creek, I, 96. 
liobart. Bishop, II. 101. 

Garrett A., IV, 19-1, 156. 
Hobocan-hackingh, I, 113, 114. 
lioboken, I, 113, 114, 116; II, 76, 
310, 325; III, ]32, 171. 172, 191, 
193, 200, 371; IV, 224, 228, 234, 
244, 245. 
Academy, IV, 299. 
Hoffman family. III, 63. 
Hoffmann, Joslah Ogden, IV, 

234. 
Hogg Creek, I, 148. 
Holcomb, George, HI, lOS, 178. 
Holdrum family, II, 317. 
Holland in the New V/'/dd, I, 

105-119. 
Hollanders, the, I, 349, 351; II, 30. 
operations of. I. 87, 88, 89, 90, 
91, 93-94, 98-99. 
Holland's claim ro New Jersey, 
I, 110. 
power in America, decline of, 

I, 116-119, 123. 
rule renewed, I, 138-139. 
Hollinshead, John, II, 224. 
Hollj- Beach, IV, 267. 
Holme, John, II, 82. 
Holmes, Asher, II, 84. 85. 
Benjamin, II, 180, ISl. 
Daniel, III, 281. 
family. Ill, 61. 67. 
John, II, 224. 
Jo'^eph. Jr.. Ill, 334. 
Josiah, II. 414. i 

Thomas. IV, 203. 
Homan's Creek. I, 276. 
Homes, old. III, 59-81. 
Hoopes, Robert, III, 77. 
Hope, II, 334; III, 77, 302; IV, 

169. 
Hopewell, II, 204; III, 65, 316; IV, 
311. 
Township, I, 276; II, 113. 



374 



NEW JEESEY AS A COL 



Hopkins, Elliott, III, 56. 

George P., lit, 55. 
Hopkinson family, III, 65. 
Francis, II, 114, 185, 282, 355; 

III, 135, 335, 337. 
Joseph, III, 49. 
Hopper, John, IV, 175, 182. 
Horn. Benjamin, II, 225. 
Hornblower, Joseph C, III, 280, 
2S2, 2S3. 
Josiah, III, 75. 
Hornerstown, III, 321. 
Horse thieves, I, 236-237. 
Hor^sehead coppers, I, 250, 252- 

2.G3, 25S. 
"Hortentius," II, 258, 280. 
Ilorton family, HI, 70. 
Hosset, Gillis, I, 108. 
Houg-h family, III, 63. 
Houghton, Colonel Joab, III, 65. 
"House of the Pour Chimneys." 

the, Til, 75. 
Houses, early, I, 194-196. 
Houston, William Churchill, I, 
363; II, 386, 393, 394, 401; HI, 
127. 
Howe, Admiral, II, 128, 135, 172. 
Bezaleel, II, 268, 271. 
General, II, 144, 160, 161, 16S, 

164. 169, 171, 173, 177, 178. 
Lord, II, 90, 91, 92, 93, 128. 129, 

131, 134, 135, 137, 160, 161, 174. 
John M., II, 268. 
Rlohard, II, 189. 
Robert, II, 336. 

Sir William, 11, 130, 174, 189, 
190, 198. 
Howell, III, 252. 
family, HI, 65. 
Joshua L., Ill, 103. 
Major, II, 184. 

Richard, II, 428, 437, 4S8; HI. 
26, 33. 35. 40, 153. 
Howell's Ferry, II, 171. 
Howey, Benjamin P., IV, 181. 
Hubbell, Algernon S., IV, 143. 
Huddy, Joshua, II, &4, 99, 244- 

253; HI. 67. 
Hude. Edward, I, 211. 



Hudson County, I, 263; HI, 
280; IV, 112, 137, H8, 244, 

275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 320. 
creation of, I, 268. 

Hudson, Henry, I, 105-106, 11; 
Hudson River, I, 32S, 349. 

military operations along, 
231-240. 

struggle for the control of, 
129-131. 
Hudson Valley, the, I, 381; 
66. 

settlement of, I, 106-109. 
Hugg, Samuel, II, 83. 
Hughes, Elijah, II, 412. 

family, III, 60. 
Huguenots, the, I, 179-181; H, 
Hull, Hopewell, I, 178. 

Isaac, III, 89. 
Hulmstead, J., HI, 181. 
Humphreys, Colonel David, 

168. 
Hunt family, HI, 77. 

Nathaniel, II, 82. 

Abraham, HI, 230. 

Pearson, III, 119. 

Stephen, II, 80. 

Wilson P., HI, 65. 
Hunt's Mills, HI, 70. 
Hunter, Andrew, II, 223. 

Robert, I, 268, 389, 390-391; 
342. 
Hunterdon County, I, 267, 

276, M, 302. 343, 344, 378, 
408, 409; II. 48, 53. 93, 260, 
412, 440; HI, rs, 69, 87, 103, 
106, 254, 255, 256, 234, 270, 
280, 319; IV, 32, 41, 273, 274, 
278, 282. 320, 322. 

creation of, I, 267, 269. 

in Provisional Congress, 
105, 109. 

last royal sheriff of, II, 96, 

militia, II, 75, SO, 81. 82, 83. 
Hunting, I, 281, 286-28S. 
Huston, William, HI, 65. 
Hutchinson family. HI, 65. 
Hutton, Thomas, II, 118. 
Huyler, John, HI, 391. 
Hyde, Edward, I, 124. 389. 



75, 
269, 



33. 



in. 



in, 

263. 
400, 
410, 
105, 
272. 
275. 



II. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



375 



Hyler, Adam, II. 250; III, 68. 
Ice, changes caused by, I, 36-37. 

supplies, early, I, 197. 
Imlay family, III, 67. 

John, II, 58. 
Imlay's Town, II, 57. 
Imlaystown, III, 67. 
Implements, Indian, I, 29-50. 
Indentured servants, I, 202. 
Independence, causes of, II, 29- 

34. 
Indian campaigns, II, 71, 222-228. 

implements, I, 29-50. 

lands, purchase of, I, 90-91, 94, 
107, 108. 

legislation, I, 136. 

massacres, I, 65, 377-378. 

massacre of Pavonia, I, 115- 
116. 

mills, I, 70. 

money. I, 241-243. 

occupancy, I, 29-50. 

settlements, I, 81-82. 

slavery, I, 199. 
Indians, IV. 27. 

of New Jersey, I, 53-71. 

war with, I, 375-385. 
Industries, local, I, 198-199. 
Influence of New Sweden, I, 95, 
97-101. 

of the Huguenots, I, 181. 
Inglis, Charles, II, 97. 
Ingoldsby. Richard. I, 389-390. 
Inian's Ferry, I, 230; III, 67. 
Inman family. III, 61. 
Inns, early, I. 291-303. 
Internal troubles in the colony, 

I, 112. 
Intoxication, I, 295-303. 
Insane, treatment of the. III, 

291-297. 
Inspection, committees of, II, 

52. 55, 57, 58. 
" Instructions " of Queen Anne, 

I. 217-220. 
Invasion of Canada. I, 374-375. 
Irish Tenth, I. 248. 
Iron industry, III, 67. 167, 252; 

IV, 310, 34S. 
Irvine, Commissary, II, 161. 



Irving, Washington, III, 74, 75; 

IV, 246, 248. 
Irvington, IV, 248. 
Islands along the seashore, I, 
279. 
in the Delaware, ownership 

of, I, 163. 
Isle Plowden, I, 75. 
Ivins, Russell H., IV, 125. 
Jackson, Andrew, and the era 

of political unrest. III, 213- 

224. 
Joseph, III. 103. 
Jacobs. Henry. Ill, 60. 
Jamaica, I. 372. 373. 
James I. I. 125. 
James II. I. 164, 165, 166. 
James. Duke of York. I, 124, 123, 

128, 129, 209. 
Earl of Perth. I. 159. 
Jamesburg, IV. 135. 320. 
Janeway, Hugh H., IV, 85. 
Ji-ques, Moses, Ilx, 26i. 
Jasper implements, ., 41. 
" Java," the, II, 1 ' . 
Jay, John, II, 279, 40, 344; III, 30, 

36. 
Sarah, II. 261. 
Jefferson, Thorras. I, 149; m, 

32, 36. 38, 40. 
Jegou, Peter. I. 135, 298. 
Jenings, Samuel, I, 163, 164, 169, 

212, 213. 325. 
Jenny Jump Mountain, IV, 313. 
" Jersey," the. III. 134. 
Jersey Bank, the. III. 368. 
'• Jersey Blues," the. III, 106. 
Jersey City, I, 114. 115, 116. 236; 

II, 324, 339; III, 75, 82. 171. 184, 

191. 202. 249. 252, 255, 297, 320, 

372; IV. 56, 73. 125. 126, 127, 130, 

142, 146, 147, 148, 233-246, 275, 

346, 347. 348. 
Heights. I. 114. 
Jersey coppers, I, 250. 

turnpike. III, 170. 
Jewelry manufacture, IV. 347. 
Jews, Russian. IV. 326. 
Jobes family. Ill, 77. 
"John Bull." the. Ill, 199. 



376 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Johri; Lord liOvelace, I, 3R9. 
Jolinson, Adolphus J., IV, 81, 83. 

Eliphalet, I, 272. 

John, I, 379. 

John Taylor, IV, 129. 

Fublic Library, IV, 287. 

Robert C, IV, 83. 

Seth, II, 225. 

Sir William, I, 3S0; II, 222. 

Thomas P., IIL 178. 

Uzal, II, 97; III, 7t. 

V. Tompkins, IV, 57. 

William M., IV, 199, 287. 
Johnston, Colonel, I, 382. 

Eupham, I, 178. 

John, 1, 178. 
Johnstown, II, 6S. 
Jones, John H., Ill, 395. 
Jones, Paul, II, 166. 

Sir William, I, 154. 
Jouet family, III, 71. 
Journal of John Woolman, I, 

341-342. 
Judges, county court, 1, 219. 
Juet (Hudson's mate), I, 113. 
Jumping Point, TI, 339. 
Jury trials, I, 151, 308, 314. 
Justice, Joseph, III, 337. 
Justices of the peace, I, 219. 

of the Supreme Court, I, 219, 
312-313. 
Kaighn family. III, 63. 
Kakeate, II, 210. 
Karg6, Joseph, IV, 86. 
Kay family. III, 63. 

Joseph, IV, 229. 
Kean, John, Jr., IV, 156, 183, 186, 
1S9. 

Peter, III, 178. 
Kearny, IV, 24 1. 

Stephen Watts, III, S49. 
Keble, John, I, 286. 
Kechemeches, the, I, 82. 
Keen family. III, 63. 

Gregory B., I, 77, 89, 95. 
Kt'ith, George, I, 168. 

William, II, 142, 143. 
Kemble, Gouverneur, IV, 246. 
Kempe, John Tabor, II, 102. 
Kempshall, Rev. Dr., IV, 152. 



Kenderline, John, IV, 57. 
Kennedy, Phineas B., Ill, 281, 
391; IV, 163. 

Rolert S., Ill, ?81. 
" Kent," arrival of the, I, 152, 
Kester, John W., IV, 84. 
Kieft, William, I, 78, 93, llO-Ul, 

112, 115. 
Kildorpy, I, 81. 
Kille, Joseph, III, 329, 333. 
Kilpatrick, Judson, IV, 1G5, 169, 

174. 
King George's War, I, 373. 
King's attornes's, I, 307. 

College, II, 102. 

Ferry, II, 132, 210, 2il, 216, 231, 
240. 

Highway, the, TI, 193. 
Kingsbridge, II, 77, 127. 
Kingston, II. 121, 153, 205; III, 

66, 182, 191, 203. 
Kingwood, III, 316. 

Township, II, 109. 
Kinkora, IV, 131. 
Kinney, Thomas T., Ill, 103. 
Kinsey, Charles, III, 183. 

James, I, 400; II, 50; HI, 2G. 
Kirkbride, Colonel, II. 186. 
Kirkland, Samuel, I, S62. 
Kirkpatrick, Andrew, 1, 363; III, 
40, 154. 

Littleton, III, .331. 
Kitchen, Bethiah, I, 178. 

family, HI, 76. 

William, I, 178. 

William M., IV, 307. 
Kittatinny Mountain, IV, 304. 

Valley, IV, 304. 
" Know Nothing " Movement, 

HI, .395. 
Knowlton, III, 255. 

Minor, HI, 356. 
Knox, General, II, 150, 162, 216, 
218, 219. 

Henry, II, 248; HI, 3L 
Knyphausen, General, II, 131, 

207, SIG. 
Kollook, Knox, III. 53. 

Shepard, HI, .53, 54. 
Korten Revier, I, 95. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



377 



La Rue, J agues, I, ISO. 
Lafayette, I, 115; IV, 312. 

Academy, IV, 2PS. 

General, II, 70, 171, 174, 179, 198, 
236, 237; III, 70, 236. 
LaHower family, III, 68. 
Laird, Robert, III, 281; IV, 335. 
Lake Hopatcong, III, 170, 183; 

IV, 305. 
Lakes, artificial, I, 40. 
Lake wood, I, 288; IV, 281. 
Lamb, Charles, I, 341. 

John, II, 73. 
Lambert, John, III, 70, 156, 162. 

John H., Ill, 28L 
Lamberton, II, 355, 426; III, C8, 
178, 221, 256. 

George, I, 90, 91. 
Lambertville, II, 1.35, 144, 148, 171, 
204; III, 70, 253; IV, 89, 135, 268. 
Lancaster, II, 173, 175. 
Land grants in East Jersey, I, 
154-171. 

in West Jersey, I, 145-154. 
Land patents, early, 1, 125. 
" Land Pilot," the, II, 96. 
Land-pirates, II, 94. 
Land titles, I, 209-210. 

adjustment of, I, 135. 

Indian, I, 66-67. 
Landed interests, I, 194. 
Landing, the, I, 234. 
Landis, Charles K., Ill, 302; IV, 

326. 
Lands, school, I, 351-352. 
Lanning family. III, 05. 

William H., IV, 156. 
Last colonial Assembly, I, 405. 

of the Indians in New Jersey, 
I, 70-71. 
Laumaster, J. Fred. IV, 89. 
Laurens, Henry, II, 218, 340. 
Lawrence, III, 66. 

Brook, III, 178. 

EliPha, II, 100. 

family. III, 75. 

James, II, 100, 101, 329; III, 108, 
111-11.3. 

John, II, 100, 116; III, 74. 



Lawrence, John Brown, II, 100. 

William H., IV, 86. 
Lawrenceville, II, 134, 154, 410; 

IV, 299. 
Lawry, Gawen, I, 146, 148, 143, 

15:\ 159, 160, 162, 206, 271. 
Laws of Berkeley and Carteret, 
I, 131-132. 
regarding the Indians, I, 64-70. 
Lawyers, I, 307-317. 
Le Conte, Pierre, I, 180. 
Le Fever, Hyppolite, I, ISO, 299; 

HI, 62. 
I-ead, discovery of, II, 118. 
League Island, II, 189. 
Leaming, Aaron, I, 170. 

family. III, 59, fio. 
Leather indu.ntry, IV, 347. 
Leddol, William, II, 439. 
I^eddle, William, I, 2.00, 251. 
Lee, Benjamin A., IV, ?,29. 
Benjamin F., IV, 170. 
Charles, II, 142. 204, 206, 207, 208. 
family. III, 61. 
General, II, 70, 131, 132, 142, 143, 

179, 221. 
Henry, II, 2M. 325. 
Joseph, II, !S. 

" Light Horse Harry," 11 3S3. 
Richard H., IV, 89. 
Thomas, HI, 101, 217. 
" Lee's Legion," II, 73. 
Leeds. Ill, 109. 
Legislation, first, I, 135. 
creating territorial subdivi- 
sions, I, 263-276. 
financial, I, 243-24G, 248-259. 
for war with the French and 
Indians, I, 376-377, 379-380, 382. 
parli.iroentary, I, 22;!-224. 
regarding admissions to the 

bar, I, 309-311. 
regarding the forests, I, 282- 

284, 286-288. 
regarding marriage and di- 
vorce, I, 321-328. 
regulating early taverns, I, 

293-S03. 
school, I, 351-354. 



378 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Legislature, the, I, 150, 152; II, 
376; III, 29, 31, 40, 85, 118, 133, 
334, 3G9; IV, 29, 95, 99, 138. 142, 
145, 153, 156, 319. 
Of East Jersey, I, 154-155. 
and Lord Cornbury, I, 211-213. 
and Governor Franklin, I, 399- 
411. 
Lehigh Valley Railroad, IV, 343. 
Leisler, Jacob, IV, 240. 
L'Enfant, Major, IV, 254. 
Lenni-Lenape, the, I, 55-71, 90, 

94, 97, 100. 379; IV, 27. 
J^eonard, Nathaniel, II, 224. 
Captain, I, 374. 
Thomas, II, 96. 
Leslie, Captain, II, 159. 

James, II, ."17. 
" Levies " in the Revolution, II, 

83. 
Lewis, Fielding, 11, 240. 
Henry. Ill, 69. 
Samuel, III, 69. 
Liberties of the people, I, 3C9- 

411. 
Libert on family, III, 71. 
"Liberty Hall," II, 258, 261; III, 
70, 71; IV, 263. 
Party, The, IV, 39. 
Pole, II, 316, 330. 
Licenses, marriage, I, 322-328. 
for schoolmasters, I, 356-357. 
for vessel masters, II, 110. 
tavern, I. 294-303. 
" Life Guard," the, II, 74. 
Life on the farm, I, 196. 
Lifesaving service, I, 203; IV, 

331-342. 
Lighthouse at Sandy Hook, I, 

203. 
LImonite deposits, I, 35. 
Lincoln, General, II, 162, 314. 
Linden. IV, 152. 
Lippincott family, I, 177. 
Freedom, I, 177. 
Remembrance, I, 177. 
Restore, I. 177. 
Richard. II, 99. 248. 253. 
Liquor drinking, I, 3.39. 
Liquors, early, I, 293. 



Literary life during the Revolu- 
tion, II, 277-295. 
Littell Family, III, 74. 
Little Bridge, II, 339. 
Egg Harbor, I, 148; II, 319; IV, 

339. 
Falls, III, 172. 184. 
Henry S., IV, 168. 
Theodore, IV, 169. 
York, III, 255. 
Livingston. Colonel, II, 207. 
James, II, 73. 
John H., Ill, 50. 
Richard, II, 247. 
Robert, II, 328. 
Robert R.. Ill, 192. 
Sarah Van Brugh, II, 261. 
William, I, 170; II, 50, 98, 111, 
120, 123, 166, 176, 183, 258, 278, 
804, 320, 327, 334. 313. 367, 393, 
400, 430; III, 26, 28-29, 33, 70, 335; 
IV, 33, 259, 263. 
Llewellyn Park, IV, 249. 
Lloyd. Bateman, II, 224. 

Commandant, I. 83. 
Local industries, I, 198-199. 
Ijocomotive industry, IV, 348. 
Lodi. Ill, 256; IV, 244. 
" Log College," the, I, 332, 359, 

360. 
London Tenth, the, I, 265. 
Long Beach, I, 206, 280; III, 61; 
IV, 331. 
Branch, IV, 268. 
Island. I, 125, 127, 409; II, 68, 

78. 129. 210. 
Pond, III. 319. 
liOngstreet, John, II, 98. 
Lords of Trade and Plantations, 
I, 249, 416; IV, 29. 
Proprietors of New Jersey, I, 
129-132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 
138. 270. 
Louis XIV. I. 179. 
Louisburg. I, 373. 
Love Family, III, 61. 
Lovelace. Francis, I, 139. 141. 389. 
Low Dutch Church, the, I, 344, 

345. 
Lowe, , II, 196. 



O^Y AND AS A STATE 



379 



Lowell, James, II, 176. 

Lower AUoway's Creek, III, 62. 

Brigade, the, II, 81. 

Freehold Township, II, 48. 

Penn's Neck, III, 220. 
Lowrey Family, III, 70. 
Loyalist regiments, II, 89-102. 
Lucas, Nicholas, I, 146, 148, 149. 

153. 
Ludlam family. III, 60. 
Lucilow, Benjamin, HI, 95. 

George C, IV. 156, 157, 176. 
Ludwig, Mary, II, 208. 
Lum family. III. 76. 
Lumbering industry, I, 284-285, 
Lundy family, III, 77. 
Lutherans, the, I, 344; III, 318. 
Luzerne, Chevalier da la, II, 2;K. 
Lyon. Joseph, IV, 238. 
I.iyons Farms, III, 316. 
" Lyons of America,"' IV, 346. 
MacCulloch, George P., Ill, 182, 

183. 
Mackay, John, II, 82. 
Maclean, John. IV, 47. 
Macopin, III, 320. 

Lake, IV. 305. 
Macwhorter. Ill, 74. 

Alexander, I, 303. 
Madison, III, 76. 106. 020. 

" l")olly,'" I. 303. 

James. I, 363; II. 287; III, 38. 
Magaw, Colonel, II, 131. 
Magazines, I, 365. 
" Magn.a Charter of New Jer- 
sey," the, I. 131. 
Magowan. Frank A.. [V. 183, 186. 
Maidenhead, I, 332; II, 148, 150, 

410; III. 66. 
Maillard, Louis, III, 238. 
Malaga, III, 251. 
Malherhes family. III, 71. 
Manahawkin, III, 31.': IV, 331. 
Manosquan Beach, III, 178. 
Manchester, Til, 252. 
Manganese deposits, I, 35. 
Manhattan Island, I, 76. 77, 106, 
107. 115, 139; II, 127, 129, 130, 
131, 1,32. 134, 210. 
Mann, Jacob, III, 53, 54. 



Mannin, Hephziabiah, I, 178. 
Manning, Captain, I, 139. 

James, I, 362. 
Mansfield Township. I, 275; II, 
58. 

-Woodhouse Township, II, 109. 
Mantees Creek, I, 96. 
Manteses, the, I, 82. 
Mantinicunk Island, I, 352. 
Mantua Creek, I, 94, 96. 
Manufactures, II, 377; III, 13»- 
147, 167, 245-257; IV, 242, 248, 
250. 

restricted, I, 223. 

cf wampum. I. 241-243. 
Marachonsicka, I. 96. 
Marailles. Don luan, II, 221. 
Marcus Hook, 11. 172. 
Maritime interesis, I, 202-206. 
Markets established, I, 133; II, 

59-60. 
Marksboro, III, 254, 255. 
Marl Industry, I, 198-199; IV. 112. 
Marlton, IV, 134. 
Marriage and divorce, I, 321-328. 

Indian, I, 59. 
Marriner, Captain, III. 68. 
Marsh. Comfo: i, I, I'iS. 

El Is ton. IV, 169. 

Ephraim, III, 281, 395, 398; IT, 
1S2. 

Ephraim. Jr., II. 327. 

family, III. 74. 

Samuel, I, 17.S. 
Marshall, James W., IV, 61. 
Marshallville, III. 251. 
Martha. Ill, 252. 
Martin. Colonel. II. US. 

Ephraim, II, 69, 80, 83. 

I>uther, I, 363. 
Martine, James E., IV, 200. 
Martineau, Harriet, fl, 451. 
Martin ico captured, I, 385. 
Mary Ann, III, 252. 
Maskell Family, III, Gl. 
Ma?on, John, IV, 55. 
Masonic Order, II, 218. 
Masquenetcunk, II, 225. 
Massacre, Indian, I. ;'.77-378. 

of Pavonia, I, 115-116. 



380 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Matawan, II, 290. 
Mather, John A., Jr., IV, 229. 
Matiniconk Island, I, 153. 
Matlack family, III, G2, C3. 
Matlock, Timothy, II, 31. 
Mauduit, M. du Ple.saJs, II, 196. 
Maurice River, I, 95, 100, 101, 167, 

235; III, 82. 
Township, I, 266. 
Maverick, Samuel, I, 125. 
Mawhood, Charles, II, 155, 180, 

181, 182, 183. 
Colonel, II, 165, 184. 
Maxen, John, IV, 335. 
Maxwell, General, II, 161, 164, 

H->, 173, 204, 205, 300. 
Jolm P. B., Ill, 329. 
William, II, 66, 70, 82, 101, 178, 

223, 226. 
" Maxwell's Brigade," II, 70. 
May family, III, 59. 

John, IV, 284. 
May's Landing, III, 256; IV, 284. 
McAden, Hugh, I, 362. 
McAfee Valley, IV, 313. 
McAllister, Robert, IV, 83. 
McCarter, Thomas N., IV, 174. 
McCartyville, III, 255. 
McChesney, Charles G., Ill, 292. 
McClellan, George B., IV, 76, 

165, 175. 
McConkey's Ferry (see also Mc- 

Konkey's Ferry), II, 145. 
McCormick, John D., Ill, 319. 
MrCullough, William, III, 77. 
McDermott, Allan L., IV, 156. 
McDonald, William K., Ill, 398. 
McDowell, David, III, 357. 
McGill, Alexander T., IV, 191. 
McGregor, John, IV, 175, 182. 
Mcllvaine, Joseph, HI, 160, 161, 

181. 
McKean, Thomas S., IV, 148. 
McKenzie, Alexander, III, 52. 
McKnight, William, III, 197. 
McKonkey's Ferry, II, 145, 150, 

153. 
McLain, George W., IV, S2. 
McLane, Allen H., 325. 
McMahon, Joseph H., IV, 228. 



McMaster, John Bach, I, 223. 
McMillan, John, I, 362. 
McWhorter, Alexander C, IV, 

239. 
Mead, Giles, II, 224. 
Medal of the Albion Knights, I, 

78-79. 
Meddaugh family. III, 77. 
Medford, HI, 372; IV, 134, 346. 
" Medicine man," the, I, 61. 
Meeker family. III, 74. 
Meeting houses, I, 313-345. 
Mehelm, II, 414. 

.John, I, 400; II, 82, 109. 
Mcllick, Andrew D., IV, 44. 
" Memorials " to the King, I, 

209, 211. 
Mendham, I, 236; III, 76, 170, 254. 

Township, II, 118. 
Mcndil, George W., IV, 85-86. 
Mercer and Somerset County 

Railroad, IV, 134. 
Mercer County, HI, 281, 297; IV, 

269, 276, 277, 280, 281, 311, 320. 
creation of, I, 268. 

Mercer, Hugh, I, 268; II, 128, 144, 

148, 154, 155, 156, 190, 191, 323. 
Mercury, New York, I, 381. 
" Merlin," the, II, 195, 197. 
Mershon family, HI, 65. 

George, HI, 55. 
Methodists, the, I, 331, 334; II, 

101, 456; III, 45-48, 310; IV, 47. 
Metuchen, I, 236; II, 169; HI, 171; 

IV, 56. 
Mew, Richard, I, 158. 
Mexican War, HI, 347-358. 
Mey, Cornells Jacobsen, I, 106, 

268. 
Miami Indian raid, II, 443. 
Michaux, Andre, IV, 318. 
Mickle, Isaac W., Ill, 257. 

John W.. HI, 280. 
Middle Brigade, the, II, 81. 
Middlebrook, II, 163, 215, 216, 221. 
Middlesex County, I, 263, 264, 267, 

268, 274, 276, 343, 344, 378, 400; 

II, 48, 52, 66, 260, 439, 440; III, 

87, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 269, 

270, 281, 296, 330; IV, 32, 41. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



J81 



Middlesex County, IV, 273, 271, 
275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 309, 320. 
creation of, I, 2S3. 
in the Provisional Congress, II, 

105, 109. 
militia, II, 75, 78, SO, SI, 82, 84, 
So. 
Middletown, I, 133, 135, 136, 140, 
154, 156, 178, 234, 236, 271, 274, 
275, 294; II, 97, 165, 206, 207, 
209, 339, 412; III, 316; IV, 283. 
Neck, II, 310. 
I'oint, III, 104, 106, 372. 
Mifflin, General, II, 152, 153, 176. 
Major, II, 165 
T nomas, II, 76. 
Miltord, III, 169, 170; IV, 313. 
Military Journal, Thacher's, II, 

2S3. 
Militia in the Revolution, II, 
74-77, 78, 79, SO, 81-84, 161, 162. 
organized, II, 56, 57, 58-59. 
Milledge, Thomas, II, 96. 
Milledoler, Philip, III. 204. 
Miller family. Ill, 76. 

Matthew, Jr., IV, 81. 
Millham, IV, 264. 
Millstone, II, 155, 159, 339; III, 69, 
182. 
River, II, 266; III, 177. 
Millville, I, 2S8; III, 251, 252, 330, 

331; IV, 135, 268, 278. 
Mincock Island, 11, 339. 
Mingerode, General, II, 197. 
Miring, Indian, I, 33. 
Ministers as schoolmasters, I, 

350. 
Minnisink, I, 167; II, 339. 
Minors, marriage of, I, 326-327. 
" Minsi " Indians, I, 63. 
Mint, Philadelphia, I, 259. 
Mints, colonial, I, 252. 
Minuit, Peter, I, 89-90, 107, 108, 

109. 
Minutemen, organization of, II, 

75, 76, 77, 79. 
" Mischianza," the, II, 178, 179. 
Missionary work among the 

Indians, I, 62-64, 70. 
" Missouri Compromise," III, ^9. 



Mitchell, Alexander, II, 224. 

Henry, IV, 156 
" Model of tne Government of 
the Province of East New 
Jersey in Americo,," I, 169. 
Mohawk Indians, the, I, 116. 
Mohegans, the, I, 70. 
Moleson family, III, 08. 
Mompesson, Roger, I, 309. 
Money, colonial, I, 221, 223. 
paper, I, 253-256. 
systems, I, 241-259. 
Monmouth, II, 144, 339; IV, 29. 
battle of, II, 71, 203-211, 215. 
Court House, I, 308; II, 206, 210; 

III, 66. 
Patent, the, I, 133, 136. 
racetrack, IV, 151. 
shore, the, I, 230. 
Monmouth County, I, 101, 160, 
177, 178, 180, 199, 202, 236, 263, 
2G7, 268, 274-275, 279, 282, 343, 
344, 345, 363, 371, 400, 408, 409, 
421; II. 31, 32, 48. 75. 80. 81, 82, 
84. 85, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 116, 
122, 135, 136, 165, 206, 245, 247, 
248, 250, 260, 310, 345, 412, 439, 
440, 454; III, 66. 87. 96, 103, 104, 
106, 107, 109, 252, 270, 281, 296, 
302; IV, 32. 41, 44, 131, 273, 274, 
276, 281, 309. 
creation of. I. 263. 
in Provisional Congress, II, 
105. 109. 
Monmouth County Historical 

Association, II. 189. 
Monographs relating to the Jer- 
seys. I. 168-171. 
Monroe, III, 255. 

James, II, 147. 
Monson. Lord. I, 78. , 
Montcalm, General, I, 380. 
Montclair, IV, 249. 
Montgomerie, John. I, 392. 
'■ Montgomery," the, II, 173. 
family. III, 67. 

William R., HI. 35.^, 358; IV, 82. 
Monument to Colonel Christo- 
pher Greene, II, 199. 
Moody, James, II, 98-99, 329. 



382 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



JTcioney, William, III, 41. 
Moore family, III, fi2. 

Timothy C, IV, 86. 
Mooreslown, I, 235; II. 151. 
Moravians, the, I, 344, 377, 378; 

III, 77, 302. 
Morgan, Daniel, II, 70; III, 76. 
General, II. 205. 
James, II, 239. 
Mormons, III, 321. 
Morris, IV, 54. 
and Essex Railroad, IV, 115, 

126. 
Anthony, II, 156. 
Canal, III, 182; IV, 350. 
Charles, IV, 229. 
Colonel, III, 67. 
Morris County, I, 267, 268, 343, 
344, 377, 378; II, 31, 48, 53, 54, 
56, 59, 77, 96, 118, 260, 411, 439; 
III, 76, 87, 103, 105, 106, 167, 168, 
252, 253, 254, 255, 269, 270, 281, 
297, 319; IV, 41, 273, 274, 275, 
276. 278, 279, 294, 310, 320. 
creation of, I, 267, 269. 
in tlie Provisional Congress, 

II, 105, 109. 
mililia, II, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. 
Iforris County Gazette, III, 53. 
Morris, Eli, III, 284. 
family. III, 64. 
Ford, II, 439. 
Gouverneur, II, 248. 
Governor, I, 249, 255. 
Hotel, II, 2.36. 
John, I, 272; II, 96, 165. 
Lewis, I, 212, 213, 268, 390, 392, 
394, 395, II, 248; IV, 26. 
Margaret, II, 302. 
Robert, II, 357. 
Turnpike, III, 169. 
Morrison, Andrew J., IV, 85, 86. 
Morristown, I, 236, 252; II, 34, 53, 
56, 68, 121, 142, 152, 169, 171, 221. 
227, 231, 235, 236, 237, 253, 257, 
332, 335; III, 76, 107, 169, 170, 
171, 253, 316, 369; IV, 56. 89, 233, 
286, 299. 
headquarters at. II, 159-160, 231. 



Morrisville, I, 232; II, 141, 144; 

III, 202; IV. 126. 
Morrow, John McC, IV, 156. 

Robert, II, 317. 
" Morven," III, 63. 
Mosilians, the, 82. 
Mosquerons family. III, 71. 
Mosslander family, HI, 61. 
Mott, Gershom, IV, 83, 166. 
Mould, Walter. I. 250, 251. 252. 
Mount Bethel. III. 316. 
Mount Holly, I, 234, 235, 335, 336; 
II, 144, 145, 151, 175, 184, 206, 
334; III, 64, 154, 195, 220, 254, 
255, 371; IV. 47. 56. 57. 89. 284, 
289. 
Mount Independence. II, 68. 
Pleasant, III, 67, 171; IV. 246, 

306. 
Plowden. I, 81. 
Moylan, Stephen, II, '73. 
Muckshaw, II, 311. 
Mud Island, II, 172. 
Muddell, Jerome E., IV, 229. 
Mulford family. III. 61. 

T. W., Ill, 391. 
Mullica, Erick, III, 63. 
Hill, III, 64, 254. 
River. II, 321; III, 60. 
Municipal governments, I. 271. 
Murat, Madam, III, 200. 

Prince, III, 238. 
Murphy, Franklin, IV. 186, 199, 
202. 
Holmes V.. IV. 148. 
Terence E.. IV. 228. 
William R.. IV, 83, 89. 
Murray, David, IV, 284. 

John, III, 321. 
Musconetong River. Ill, 183, 

208. 
Music in churches, I, 346. 
Mutinies, II, 334-336. 
Naar, David, III, 280. 2S3; IV. 
170. 
Joseph L.. IV, 143, 157. 
Naglee, Henry A., Ill, 367. 

Samuel, II, 224. 
Napoleon III, HI, 237. 
Joseph Lucien Charles. Ill, 23T. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



383 



Napton, William, III, 2S2; IV, 81. 
Narraticon's Kil, I, 90, 96. 
Nassau Hall, I, 361; II, 155. 
National Gazette, The, III, 32. 
Navesink, I, 133, 263; II, 247, 339- 
III, 105. 
Highlands, III, 103; IV, 306. 
Navigation Act, the, I, 123, 417. 
Navy, the first, II, 174. 
Neeley, Abraham, II, 225. 
" Negro Conspiracy," the, IV, 

45. 
Negro slavery, I, 199. 
Neighbor, David I., Ill, 280. 
Neil, Daniel, II, 156. 
Neilson family. III, 68. 
James, HI, 181. 
John, II, 393. 
Nelson, General, II, 211. 
William, I, 241; II, 99, 134, 332; 
III, 340; IV, 251. 
Neshaminy, II, 172. 
" Nestor," II, 388, 391. 
Neversink, I, 177. 
Nevei-.sinks, I, 371. 
Nevill, James, I, 308. 
Nevius, James S., HI, 392. 
New Aberdeen, III, 67. 
New Albion, I, 75-84. 
Kcw American Magazine, I, 365. 
New Amsterdam, I. 110, 111, 112, 

116, 119, 126, 127, 12s, 271, 349. 
New Antrim, HI, 172. 

New Earbadoes, I, 274. 

New Brunswick, I, 49, 230, 231, 

232, 233, 234, 236, 831, 332, 333, 
362, 364, 365; II, 48, 49, 52, 53, 
68, 67, 102, 110, 120, 134, 135, 136, 
143, 144, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160, 
162, 163, 164, 166, 210, 310, 313, 
314, 316, 325, 338, 339, 380, 437, 
453; III, 54, 67, 105, 106, 107, 

117, 118, 132, 170, 171, 178, 182, 
191, 194. 202, 203, 315, 320, 368, 
369, 372; IV. 47, 54, 56, 113, 126, 

233, 259, 265, 266, 325, 347, 349. 
barracks, I, 384. 

Gazette, II, 388. 
Guardian, III, 55. 
New Cassarea, I, 129-131. 



New Castle, I, 350. 
"New Durham, II, 325. 
New Egypt, HI, 321. 
New England, affairs in, I, 124- 
127. 
elements in East Jersey, I, 176. 
immigration, I, 134. 
" New Era," the, IV, 341. 
New France passes to the Eng- 
lish, I, 384. 
New Ferry, II, 177. 
New Germantown, III, 172. 
New Hampton, HI, 106. 
New Haven colony, the, I, 77, 90, 

91, 94. 
New Hope, II, 144. 
New Jersey Abolition Society, 
IV, 35, 37. 
Archives, IV, 27. 
Federalist, HI, 55. 
Gazette, I, 3G5; II, 258, 279, 344, 

348, 355, 388: HI, 50, 55. 
Journal, III, 53. 
Magazine, III, 55. 
Medical Society, I, 363. 
Railroad, the, III, 202. 
Railroad and Transportation 

Company, IV, 125. 
Biate Gazette, HI, 55. 
State of, II, 118. 
troops in the Revolution, II, 

65-85. 
Southern Railroad, IV, 132. 
New Lisbon, IV, 134. 
New Market, II, 163. 
New Mills, III, 65. 
" New Netherland," the, I, 176. 
New Netherland, I, 89, 92, 105- 
119, 123, 351. 
English conquest of, I, 123-142. 
surrender of, to the English, I, 
126-127. 
New Orange, I, 139. 
New Pile's Grove Township, 

cre.ation of, I, 276. 
New Piscataqua. I, 154. 
New Prospect, HI, 171, 172. 
New Sweden, I, 87-101, 351. 
Company, the, I, 92. 



384 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



New York, I, 110, 117, 118, 127, 128, 
139, 142, 147, 153, 155, 156, 157, 
102, 200, 209, 210, 221, 229, 234, 
235, 243, 257, 271, 2i:i, 292, 331, 
333, 349, 354, 362. 365, 3G7, 371, 
372, 37C, 379, S81, 3S3, 384, 389, 
390, 392, 393, 394, 411, 415, 417; 
II, 29, 34, 52, 58, 60, 66, 67, 76, 
77, 79, 89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101, 
102, 106, 108, 110, 111, 116, 129, 
130, 136, 141, 144, 178, 179, 198, 
203, 205, 209, 234, 235, 237, 238. 
New York Bay, I, 185, 202, 203, 
206; II, 111. 

changed to New Orange, I, 
139. 

Gazette, II, 299. 

Harbor, I, 271, 371, 374. 

Indian campaign in, II, 222-228. 

Mcrcurv, I, 381. 

urges the annexation of New 
Jersey, I, 165. 

Susquehanna and Western 
Railroad, IV, 349. 
Newark, I, 135, 137, 139, 140, 156, 
178, ISS, 193, 230, 236, 263, 271, 
274, 294, 351, 361, 363, 381, 396; 
II, 31, 51, 52, 57, 60, 61, 71, 76, 97, 
110, 134, 225, 238, 301, 310, 313, 
339, 453; III, 54, 74. 76, 82, 106, 
171, 183, 191, 202, 220, 256, 301, 
315, 317, 320, 366, 367, 369, 372; 
IV, 56, 73, 89, 90, 91, 127, 135, 
142, 148, 217, 222, 246-249, 284, 
312, 346, 349. 

chartered, I, 272. 

first church in, I, 343. 

.settlement of, I, 134. 
Newark Academy, IV, 298. 

Banking and Insurance Com- 
pany. III, 367; IV, 205. 

Bay, I, 140; II, 133. 

Ccniincl of Freedom, III, 54, 74. 

Daily Advertiser, III, 54. 

Oarette, III, 54. 

Rural Magazine, III, .'^4. 
Newbie, IMark, I, 246, 247, 248. 
Newbold family. III, 65. 

James, III, 195. 



Newbold, Joseph, III, 334. 
Newburg', II, 334. 
Newcomb, General, II, 192. 

Silas, II, C9, 80, 82. 
Newell, "William A., I, 204; III, 

390, 395, 398; IV, 162, 174, 327, 

331, 335, 336, 338, 239, 340, 341, 

342. 
Newfoundland, III, 170. 
Newkirk family. III, 62. 
Newport, II, 211, 240. 
Newspapers, I, 365-367; III, 49-55, 

322. 
Newton, I, 203, 231, 383; II, 48, 

118, 332; III, 169, 172, 255, 315; 

IV, 287, 311, 312. 
Creek, I, 248; III, 197, 
Newtown, II, 142, 150. 
Niagara, attack on, I. 380, 384. 
Nichols, Benjamin, III, 108. 
Nicola, Lewis, II, 73. 
Nicolls, Richard, I, 125, 126, 127, 

123, 122, 133, 135, 136, 139. 
Noe family. III, 71. 
Nomenclature of counties, I, 

267-269. 
Non-resistance, doctrine of, II, 

32. 
North American Phalanx, the, 

III, 303-308. 
North Jersey, I, 286. 
Lord, II, 179, 283. 
Plainfield, IV, 269. 
Itiver, I, 106, 271. 
" North Shore," III, 67. 
Northampton Township, I, 275. 
Nova C.-Psarea, I, 270. 
Nova Scotia, grant of, I, 125. 
Nottingham, II, 345. 

Township, I, 275. 
Nutman, James, I, 272. 
Nullification, III, 39. 
Oath of allegiance, II, 122. 
Obissquasoit, I, 96. 
O'Brien, Daniel, I, 233, 235. 
Ob.servation, committees of, II, 

51, 52, 54. 
Ocean City, IV, 26S. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



385 



Ocean County, I, 205, 263, 280, 282, 
345; II, 91; III, 252, 281, 321; 
IV, 276, 280, 281, 282. 
creation of, I, 268. 
Odell, Jonathan. I, 363; ll, 91, 

100, 299-305. 
Officers, appointment of, in the 

Revolution, II, 65-66. 
Ogden, Aaron, I, 363; II, 223, 224, 
439; III, 26, 87, 89, 102, 103, 134, 
155, 156, 159, 160, 369; IV, 263. 
Colonel, II, 226, 239. 
David, I, 421. 
Elias, D. B., Ill, 281, 385. 
family. III, 61. 
John, II, 238. 
Lewis, II, 116, 412. 
mansion (Newark), III, 74. 
Matthias, II, 72, 100, 223; III 
70. 
Ogdensburg-, III, 253. 
Oglethorpe, I, 331. 
Oil refineries, IV, 348. 
Oitsessingh, I, 95. 
Old Ferry, II, 177. 

Tennent church, the, I, 345. 
Olden, Charles S., Ill, 395, 398, 
399; IV, 72, 81, 82, 97. 
Guard, the, IV, 81. 
Legion, the, IV, S3. 
Oldman's Creek, I, 96, 265, 266. 
Oliphant, Alexander C. Ill, 345; 

IV, 217. 
Oliver, Thomas Clement, IV, 55. 
Ollive, Thomas, I, 163. 
Opposition to the stamp act, I, 

418. 
Orange, I, 134, 365; III, 75, 106, 
107, 317, 372; IV, 135, 249, 268, 
346. 
Mountain, IV, 248. 
Ordinaries, I, 291-303. 
Organization of countie.';, I, 263- 

276. 
Origin of the Indian, I, 53-56. 
Orr, John, II, 225. 
Ortleg, Michael, III, 178. 
Osborne family. III, 60. 
Osborn's Island, II, S22. 
Oswego, I, 380, 384. 
[Vol. 4] 



Ottinger, Douglass, IV, 339. 

Cutout, Fabrus, I, 135. 

Oxenstjerna, Chancellor, I, 88 

Oxford, I, 236; II, 227; III, 253. 

Oysters, I, 281. 

Packhorses, I, 231. 

Paine, Thomas, II, 137, 252 271 

291. 
Palatines, the, I, 75-84; II, 33. 
Paleolithic age, I, 29-43, 46, 48. 
Palisaded fort at Bergen, I, 115. 
Palisades, the, I, 236; IV, 305. 
Palmer, William R., Ill, 357. 
Palmyra, IV, 312. 
Pamphlets, I, 365. 
Panics, III, 14I, 217, 249, 329, 373- 

IV, 109-122. 
Papegaja, Johan, I, 93. 
Paper industry. III, 255. 
currency first allowed, I, 221. 
money, I, 253-256. 
Paramus, II, 210, 211, 216, 240, 316, 

325, 339: III, 318. 
Parker, Captain, I, 374. 
family, III, 60, 68. 
James, III, 181, 217, 281, 283; IV, 

228, 265. 
Joel, IV, 73, 74, 75, 116, 117, 141, 

142, 145, 163, 164, 169. 
John, I, 381; IV, 285. 
Parliamentary legislation, I, 

223-224, 417, 419. 
Parochial schools, early, I, 350. 
Parry, William, III, 395. 
Parsippany, III, 171. 
Parsons, Andrew, III, 281. 

AugTistine N., IV, 88. 
Parvin family. III, 61. 
Passaic, II, 96, 268; IV, 254, 348. 
Passaic County, I, 263; III, 172, 
254, 281, 297; IV, 154, 220, 269, 
275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 320. 
creation of, I, 268. 
Hotel, II, 170. 
Passaic Falls, II, 332. 
River, the, I, 134, 230; II, 93, 

133; III, 76; IV, 136. 
Valley, the, II, 30; III, 171; 
IV, 247. 



386 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Paterson, I, 236; II, 239; III, 
82, 170, 171. 172, 1S4, 207, 208, 
254, 255, 320, 371, 372, 373; IV, 
113, 217, 233, 250, 255, 284, 312, 
346, 348, 393, 394, 399, 403, 405. 
and Hudson River Railroad 

Company, III, 207. 
family. III, 61. 
Landing-, III, 107. 
Thomas, II, 444. 
William, II, 105, 113, 414; III, 
26, 33, 48, 69, 178, 282, 334; IV, 
253. 
Patrick's pence, I, 246-248. 
Patroon.ships, I, 107-109. 
Patterson, Austin H., IV, 170. 

family. III, 67. 
Paulding, James Kirke, IV, 246, 

247. 
Paulius Kill, I, 379. 
Paulus Hook, I, 114, 115; II, 127, 
323, 339; III, 103, 105, 106, 107, 
117, 133, 134; IV, 127, 233. 
Paulusen, Michael, I, 114. 
Pauw, Michiel, I, 113, 114. 
Pavonia, I, 113-114. 

massacre at, I, 115-116. 
Payment of troops in the Revo- 
lution, II, 77-78. 
Peace of Utrecht, I, 371. 
Peachee, Mary, I, 324. 

Thomas, I, 324. 
Peale, Charles Willson, II, 218, 

267. 
Pearl ashes, I, 286. 
Peddle Institute, IV, 299. 

Thomas B., IV, 299. 
Pedrick Family, HI, 62. 
Peekskill, II, 132, 170. 
Peltry trading-, I, 287. 
Pemberton, HI, 65, 315; IV, 134. 
Penn, William, I, 32, 56, 57, 145, 
146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 158, 163, 
185. 
and his associates purchase 

East Jersey, I, 158-159. 
purchases Fen-wick's title in 
West Jersey, I, 159. 
Pennington, II, 135; IV, 299. 
Aaron. HI. 54. 



Pennington, Alexander C. M., 
Jr., IV, 84, 86. 
Governor, III, 331. 
Samuel, HI, 154. 
William, III, 381, 382, 383, 384, 

3S5. 
William S., HI, 83, 90, 91, 102, 
154, 159, 160; IV, 239. 
Penn's Neck, I, 235. 

Church, III, 62. 
Pennsylvania Gazette, I, 234. 
Journal, HI, 51. 
Packet, HI, 51. 
Railroad, IV, 136, 349. 
Pennypacker's Mills, II, 174. 
Penrose, William H., IV, 82, 84. 
Pensauken, I, 265; IV, 309. 

Creek, I, 96, 266; HI. 204. 
" Perasto," The, IV, 331. 
Perry, Nehemiah. IV, 168, 170. 

Oliver H., Ill, 84. 
Perth Amboy, I, 166, 167, 193, 20S, 
210, 211, 218, '219, 232, 272, 273, 
274, 299, 307, 314, 316, 321, 374, 
407, 418; II, 30, 66, 67, 110, 117, 
128, 136, 160, 163, 292, 310, 337, 

366, 379, 410, 453; HI, 68, 171, 
255, 256, 317, 371; IV, 40, 45, 
125, 1.34, 259, 268, 310, 311, 346. 

chartered, I, 271, 272. 
riots at, I, 395. 
Perth Town, establishment of, 

I, 162, 163. 
Peters, Ed-ward McClure, IV, 

229. ■ 
Petitions, colonial, I, 209, 210. 
Pettit, Charles, II, 17C. 
Petty, Edward L., IV, 229. 
Petty's Island, HI, 130. 
Phalanx, the North American, 

HI, 301-308. 
Phelps, William Walter, IV, 156, 

174. 
Philadelphia, I, 200, 203, 221, 229, 

232, 233, 234, 243, 257, 259, 291, 

312, 331, 333, 336, 354, 362, 365, 

367, 395, 417; II. 34, 51, 53, 58, 
61, 71, 76, 89, 93, 106, 108, 113. 
135, 136, 141, 142, 144, 150, 163, 
166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



387 



Philadelphia, II, 175, 176-177, 178, 

179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 

189, 191, 192, 193, 198, 203, 209, 

217; III, 63, 97, 99. 

military operations in and 

near, II, 169-186. 
occupation of. II, 169-186. 

Philadelphia and Reading- Rail- 
road, IV, 349. 
and Trenton Railroad, III, 202; 
IV, 126, 134. 

Phillips, Colonel, II, 205. 
Jonathan, II, 224. 

Phillipsburg, I, 236; III, 170, 
184, 208; IV, 56, 280. 

Phillipse Family, III, 65. 

Phoenix, III, 252. 

"Phoenix," the, II, 111; III, 132, 
193. 

Piatt, Jacob, II, 223. 
William, II, 224. 

Pickel, Jonathan, III, 280. 

Pickering, Timothy, II, 89. 

Pierson, David, III, 357. 
family. III, 74. 
Isaac, III, 75. 
Mrs. Emeline G., Ill, 71. 

Pike, Zebulon M., III. 68. 

Pikesland, III, 319. 

Pinckney, Charles C. Ill, 40. 

" Pine robbers," II, 94. 

" Pines." the, I, 282-2SS; IV, 132. 

l-intard. Antoine, T, ISO. 

Piracy, I, 204-205. 

Piscataway, I, 137, 139, 140, 156, 
178, 263, 271, 274, 294; II, 52, 
169, 339; III, 68, 106, 171, 269, 
316. 

Pitcher, Molly, II, 20S. 

Pitney, Jonathan, III, 280, 390. 

Pitt, William, II, 186. 

Pittsgrove, III, 62, 256, 315. 

Pittstown, II, 121, 225. 

Place names in West Jersey, I, 
95. 

Plainfleld, I, 344; III. 208, 256, 
372; IV, 268. 

Plantagenet, Beauchnmp, I, 78. 

Plantation system, the, I, 194, 
264-265. 



Pleasant Mills, III, 254. 
Plowden, Francis, I, 76, 82, 83. 

George, I, 76, 83. 

Sir Edmund, I, 75-84. 

Thomas, I, 76, 82, 83. 
Pluckemin, II, 59, 159, 216, 218. 
Plume, Joseph W., IV, 217 ns 

220. 
Plumstead, Clement, I, 159. 
Plymouth Company, the, I, 125. 
Pochuck Mountain, IV, 312. 
Point Breeze, III, 65, 229. 

Pleasant, I, 279. 
Political affairs. III, 151-163, 377- 
400; IV, 161-178, 181-202. 

agitations, I, 209-214, 220-221, 
339-411; II, 29-34. 

parties, formation of, III, 25- 
41. 

rights of the colonists, I, 415- 
422. 
Political Intelligencer and Neiv 

Jersey Advertiser, III, 53, 54. 
Polifly, II, 339. 

Pompton, II, 170, 171, 221, 227, 3nn: 
III, 171, 253; IV, 322. 

Lake, IV, 220, 221. 
Pompton Plains, II, 98. 

encampment at, II, 170. 
Pond's Church, II, 170. 
Poor, Enoch, II, 223. 

General, II, 205. 

Richard's Almanac, I, 196. 
Popple, William, III, 341. 
Populations, I, 140; IV, 243-282. 
Pot ashes, I, 286. 
Pots family. III, 65. 

Frederick A., IV, 176, 177, 181. 

Joseph C, III, 397, 399. 

Stacy G., Ill, 384. 
Potter, David, II, 82, 84. 

family. III, 70. 

John, III, 181. 

Mattliew, III, 52. 

William, III, 104. 
Pottersville, III, 170. 
Pottery, Indian, I. 35. 

industry, IV, 347. 
Port bill, the, II, 48. 

Chuck, II, 118. 



388 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Port Elizabeth, III, 61, 82, 101, 
108, 251; IV, 47. 
Monmouth, IV, 131. 
Porter, Joseph, III, SS9, 390. 
Portland Point, III, 67. 
Portsmouth, I, 231; III, 60. 
Powel house, the, II, 218. 
Powell, Richard, I, 299. 
Power of the Assem.bly, I, 214. 
of the council of safety, II, 
120-122. 
Pownall, Thomas, I, 396. 
Practice in the courts, early, I, 

309-312. 
Prang-e, James, III, 55. 
Frattsville, III, 255. 
Preakness, II, 239, 240, 331, 332; 
III, 170. 
family, IV, 238. 
Precincts, creation of, I, 275. 
Pre-historic man, I, 29-50. 
Pre-Revolutionary matters, I, 
399-411, 415-422; II, 29-34, 47- 
61. 
Presbyterians, the, I, 332, 333, 
334, 343, 344, 345, 359, 422; II, 
456; III, 314. 
Preseott, General, II. 179. 
Press, the, III, 311-325. 
regulation of, I, 218. 
Price family. III, 77. 
Francis, Jr., IV, 83. 
Robert Freind, I, 400. 
Rodman M., Ill, 391, 392; IV, 
97. 
Prince Hendrick River, I, 106. 
Mauritius River, I, 106. 
of Orange, I, 140, 141. 
Princeton, I, 410; 11, 34, 59, 96, 99, 
108, 110, 119, 121, 133, 134, 143, 
152, 159, 204, 265, 339, 345, 415; 
III, 55, 66, 182, 191, 196, 372; IV, 
47, 54, 56, 58, 320. 
and Trenton, battles of, II, 

141-156. 
Packet and General Advertiser, 

III, 55. 
Theological Seminary, I, 360. 
University (see also College of 
New Jersey), I, 342, 359-363. 



Printing, early, I, 170. 
Printz, Armgott, I, 93. 

John, I, 77-78, 92-94. 
Prior's Mill, II, S26. 
Private schools, I, 355. 
Privateers, I, 371, 372, 374; II, 319. 
Probst, John D., IV, 156. 
Proctor, Thomas, II, S3, 223. 
Prohibitionists, IV, 117, 176, 177, 
178, 183, 186, 189, 193, 194, 198, 
199, 202. 
Proprietary commissioners of 
West Jersey, I, 149-154. 
government, I, 209-214. 
Proprietors of East Jersey, I, 
158-163. 
of West Jersey, I, 159. 
Prosecutors of the pleas, I, 307. 
Protection of the forests, I, 281- 
284. 
to industries. III, 31. 
Protestant Episcopal Church, I, 

344, 345, 346; III, 317. 

Provincial Congress, I, 407, 408, 

410, 411; II, 58, 65, 66, 67, 74, 76. 

77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 96, 105-123, 135. 

Convention, II, 49. 

Province of New Ca3sarea, I, 129- 

132. 
Public life as expressed in early 
taverns, I, 291-303. 
roads, early, I, 230-231, 235-237. 
Publications relating to the Jer- 
seys, I, 168-171. 
Pulaski, Count Casimir, II, 171, 

204, 319. 
Pulaski's Legion, II, 73. 
Pulpit, the. III, 311-325. 
Punk Hill. II, 339. 
Purchase of East Jersey by 
Penn and his associates, I, 
158-159. 
of John Fenwick, I, 145. 
of Manhattan Island, I, 107. 
Puritan immigration, I, 130, 134. 
Pursil, Joseph, Jr., Ill, 108. 
Putnam, General, II, 151, 171. 
Professor, I, 48, 49. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



389 



Quakers (see also Society of 
Friends), I, 321, 323, 325, 334- 
344. 346-347; II, 31, 32, 33, 89. 
in West Jersey, I, 148-149, 187, 

189. 
system of education, I, 353-354. 
Quartz implements, I, 41. 
Quaternary period, I, 43-50. 
Quaxon, III, 65. 
Quebec, I, 384; II, 68. 
Queen's College (see also Rutgers 
College), I, 363-365; III, 68; TV, 
265. 
Museum, I, 362. 
Qnequelle, Frederick, III, 55. 
Quibbletown, II, 163, 165, 169, 339. 
Quick, Abraham, II, S2. 
Quinton's Bridge, II, ISO, 181, 339. 
Raccoon, I, 235. 

Creek, I, 90, 92, 94, 96, 276. 
Racetracks, IV, 151, 233. 
Radcliffe, Jacob, IV, 238. 
Rahway, I, 178, 236, 343; II, 70, 
71, 164, 310, 339, 340, 430; III. 
74, 171, 191, 202, 255, 257, 317, 
372; IV, 47, 56, 73, 89, 114, 268. 
Meadows, II, 339. 
Raids of the Revolution, II, 93- 
95, 136-137, 164-165, 179, 180, 309- 
340. 
Railroads, III, 117-124, 189-209; 

IV, 114, 125-1.38, 349. 
Rail, Colonel, II, 144. 145, 147, 

148, 150, 151. 152, 153. 
Raraapo, II, 171, 239. 

Pass, II, 330. 
Rambo family. III, 63. 
Ramcocks, the, I, 82. 
Ramsey, John, IV, 83. 
Rancocas, I, 96, 410; III, 64. 
Creek, III, 201. 
River, I. 152, 407, 410 
Valley, I, 335. 
Randolph, Carman F.. IV, 156. 
Daniel, II, 247. 
Edmund, III, 30. 
Jacob, I, 234. 

Joseph P., Ill, 281, 329; IV, 97. 
Theodore F., IV, 116, 133, 166, 
16S. 



Rankokus Hill, I, 146. 
" Raritan," The, III, 132. 
Raritan, III, 201. 

Bay, II, 453; III, 96. 

Bay Association, III, 307. 

River, I, 168, 232, 235-236, 264, 
274, 316; II, 84, 93, 102, 133, 205. 
219, 225, 314; III, 177, 178, 181; 
IV, 54, 55, 265, 312. 
Raritan Valley, I, 31, 59; III, 68; 
IV, 29, 134. 

roads in, I, 236. 
Ray, Joseph, I, 180. 
Rea family. III, 70. 
Read, Charles, I, 313; II, 81, 82, 

84. 
Reading- family. III, 70. 

John, I, 395, 396. 

matter in colonial times, I, 365- 
367. 

Samuel, II, 224. 

Township, creation of, I, 276. 
Readington, II, 171; III, 70. 
Rebellion, the, IV, 71-78, 81-89. 
Reconstruction, IV, 95-105. 
Red Bank, I, 106, 266; II, 127, 172, 
189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198, 
399, 257, 338 III. 302-308. 

Ci-eek, I, 98. 
Redemptioners, I, 199-202. 
Red ford's Ferry, I, 232. 
Reed, Bowes, I, 411. 

family. III, 65. 

Joseph. II, 76, 79, 335. 

Samuel J., III. 108. 
Reeder, Abner, III, 119. 

family. III, 65. 
Reeves family, III, 61. 
Reformed Dutch Church, I, 115, 

364; II, 456; III, 318; IV, 265. 
Reilly, Cornelius A., IV, 228. 
Reindeer I'eriod, I, 32. 
Reiser, Theodore C, IV, 228. 
Religion of the Indians, I, 61-62. 
Religious comparisons. I, 188, 190. 

liberty, I, 218. 

life in the colony, I, 331-346. 
Removal of Governor Cornbury, 

I, 213. 
Rensselaerswyck, I, 107, 110. 



390 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Renwick, James, III, 184. 
Repeal of the stamp act, I, 419. 
Republican party, I, 394-400; IV, 

66, 73, 99, 104, 116, 118, 137, 142, 

145, 154, 161-202. 
Republican anti-Federalists, III, 

25-41, 85, 160, 386. 
Resemblance of the Delaware 

to European rivers, I, 44. 
Reservation at Indian Mills, I, 

70. 
Resistance to royal governors, 

I, 220-225. 
Resolutions, Revolutionary, II, 

48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 

59; III, 38. 
Retreat, III, 256. 
of Washington acvos.s New 

Jersey, II, 133-13S. 
Revere, Joseph W., IV, S3. 
Revivals, religious. I, 331-334. 
Revocation of the Edict of 

Nantes, I, 179. 
Revolution, causes of, I, 415-422. 
committees appointed before 

the, II, 49-61. 
loyalist regiments in, II, 89- 

102. 
Revolutionary Memorial Society 

of New Jersey, II. 216. 
War, preparations for, II, 47- 

61. 
Reynolds, Colonel, III, 05. 

James, III, 357. 
Rhea, Jonathan, II, 439; III. 103; 

IV, 239. 
Richards family. III, 76. 
Jesse, III, 389. 
Thomas, III, 38. 
Rigg, Ambrose, I, 159. 
Right of government by deed, 

I, 209, 211. 
Righter, W. A., IV, 175. 
Ringo, John, II, 48, 53. 
Ringoes, II, 121; III, 70. 
Ringwood, I, 236; II, 221; III, 

253; IV, 322. 

Rivington, , II, 52, 93. 

James, II, 299. 



Roads, I, 230-231, 235-237; III, 167- 
174. 

through the " Pines." I, 284- 
285. 
Rotabins, Amos, IV, lOS. 

Wright, IV, 175. 
Robertson, William K., IV, 85. 
Robeson, William P., Ill, 389. 

390. 
Robinson family. III, 74. 

Henry Crabb, I, 342. 

house, the, II, 240. 
Rockaway, III, 171, 134, 253. 

River, III, 183. 
Rocky Hill, II, 265-273, 330; III, 

69, 182; IV, 134. 
Rode Udden Creek, I, 96. 
" Roebuck," the, II, 190, 195, 197. 
Rogerine Baptists, III, 322. 
Rogerines, the, I, 344; III, 76. 
Rogers, Bernard, IV, 229. 

Edward Y., Ill, 39.S. 

Henry D., IV, 307. 

Maurice A., IV, 189. 
Roman Catholics, III, 319. 
Romeyn, Theodore Dirck, I, 362. 
Rosa Americana coins, I, 294. 
Rosenhayn, IV, 326. 
Ross, Betsey, II, 273. 

Hamilton M., IV, 228. 

John, II, 223. 
Rossell, N. Beakes, III, 356, 358. 

William, I, 313; III, 154, 159. 
Rowland, Arthur, IV, 228. 
Roxbury, III, 253. 
Royal governors, the last, I, 

389-396, 399-411. 
" Royal Greens," the, II, 222. 
Rubber industry, IV, 347. 
Rudolf, Sergeant, I, 116. 
Rudyard, Thomas, I, 158, 160. 
Runk, John, III, 390. 
Runyon, Orrin E., IV, 228. 

Theodore, IV, 81, 142, 166, 167, 
170. 
Rural Magazine, HI, 54. 
Rusoo, Nathaniel, I, 377. 
Rush, Benjamin, I, 363; II, 159, 

176. 
Russell, Caleb, HI, 53. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



391 



Russian Hebrew colonists, I, 
288. 
Jews, IV, 326. 
Rutgers College (see also Queen's 
College), I, 49, 363-365; II, 389; 
IV, 265, 325. 
Henry, III, 68; IV, 265. 
Rutherford, John, III, 33, 35, 120. 

Robert W., Ill, 103. 
Ryall, Daniel B., Ill, 329, 333. 
Ryerson, David, III, 395. 
Furnace, II, 170. 
Henry O., IV, 83, 85. 
Martin, III, 281, 390; IV, 142. 
Samuel, II, 98. 
Paokett, William Edgar, IV, 130. 
Saint Clair, General, II, 170. 
.John's Church, Elizabethtown, 

II, 101. 
lAicien captured, I, 385. 
Mary's Church, Burlington, I, 

181, 363. 
Vincent captured, I, 385. 
Sale of liquor regulated, I, 294- 

303. 
Salem, I, 76, 77, 93, 95, 100, 153, 
154, 163, 179, 188, 193, 200, 203, 
231, 235, 248, 272, 299. 307, 308, 
383, 418; II, 92, 180-184, 311; III, 
61-62, 82, 313, 315, 371, 372; IV, 
36, 47, 55. 72, 112, 115, 135, 268. 
settlement of, I, 146-148. 
Salem County, I, 82, 101, 266, 267, 
268, 276, 282, 297, 343, 344; II, 
31, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, 
ISO, 181, 182, 183, 184, 261, 440. 
4-54; III, Gl-62, 88, 105, 108, 168, 
221, 256, 270, 295, 317; IV, 273, 
274, 275, 280, 281, 309, 320. 321, 
323. 
creation of, I, 265. 
in Provisional Congress, II, 
105. 
Salem Creek, I, 91, 95, 96. 
plantations, the, I, 91. 
Salt Meadows, II, 340. 

works, II. lis. 
Saltar, Richard, I, 313. 
Saltpeter, manufacture of, II, 
58, 78. 



Sand formations, I, 39-42. 
Sand Hills, IV, 311. 
Sandford, John, II, 225. 
Sandhay, sea, I, 81. 
Sandy Hook, I, 84, 133, 152, 165, 
203, 204, 205, 234, 371, 374; II, 
m, 128, 164, 169, 210, 235, 376; 
III, 67, 96; IV, 220, 222. 

landing of Hudson on, I, 105. 

lighthouse, II, 165. 
Sandy Point, I, 146. 
Sanford, Nidemiah, I, 178. 

William, I, 178. 
Sappers and Miners, the, II, 73. 
Sassae Kon, I, 96. 
Sassafras oils, I, 286. 
Saunders, T. S., II, 193. 

Thomas J., Ill, 282. 
Savadge, Thomas, II, 243. 
Savings Banks, IV, 208. 
Sawmills, early, I, 284. 
Sayre family. Ill, 62. 

Stephen, III, 230. 
Sayre's mansion (Newark), III, 
74. 

Tavern, III, 74. 
Sayreville, IV, 311. 
Scandinavian immigration, T, 

87-101. 
Scanlan, Edward A., IV, 228. 
Scarborough, John, III, 322. 
Scheffer, Francis, II, 148. 
Schenck, Ferdinand D., Ill, 217. 

Ferdinand S., Ill, 281. 

Peter, II, 110. 
School for the Deaf, IV, 294. 
Schooley family. III, 76. 
Schools, I, 349-368; IV, 284-301. 
Schoenthal, Isaac, IV, 228. 
Schraalenburg, I, 236. 
Schulte, Captain, I, 95. 
Sehureraan family, III, 68. 

Jacob. II, 386. 

James Wall, III, 358. 
Schuyler family, III, 64. 

General, II, 67, 76, 128. 

John, III, 75. 

Peter, I, 375. 376, 379, 380, 381, 
384; III, 75. 
Schuyler's Ferry. II. 312. 



392 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Schuylkill Falls, II, 172. 

Valley, I, 106-109. 
Scot, George, I, 169. 
Scotch Calvinists, the, I, 351. 

-Irish, the, II, 31, 422. 

Plains, I, 236; II, 210, 227; III, 
208, 316. 

settlers, III, 67. 
Scott, Austin, II, 389, 432. 

Charles, II, 70. 

General, II, 205. 

Joseph W., Ill, 380, 382. 
Scovel, James M., IV, 169. 
Scudder family. III, 65, 

Nathaniel, I, 363; II, 82. 
Sea Coast, the, I, 279-288. 

Girt, IV, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 
222, 223. 

Isle City, IV, 268. 
Seabright, IV, 268. 
Seagrave, Samuel, III, 108. 
" Seahorse," the. III, 134. 
Seal of the Supreme Court, I, 
316-317. 

war, the. III, 329-344. 
Search, right of, I, 372. 
Secaucus, IV, 244. 
Second Assembly, the, I, 136. 

Battalion in the Revolution, 
II, C6, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 82. 

Establishment, New Jersey 
line, II, 68, 69, 72. 

grant of the Duke of York, I, 
153. 

River, II, 338. 
Sedgwick, Theodore, Jr., Ill, 

337. 
See, Edward, IV, 229. 
Seeley, Elias P., Ill, 217, 380. 

family. III, 61. 
Sepa, Hackingh, I, 95. 
Separatists, the, I, 344. 
Sergeant family. III, 70. 

Jonathan D., II, 105, 412. 
Servants, I, 202. 
Settlement of Burlington, I, 152. 

of the Delaware Valley, I, 75- 
84, 87-101. 

of Blizabethtown, I, 133. 



Settlement of the Hudson River 
Valley, I, 106-109. 

of Newark, I, 134. 

of Salem, I, 146. 

of South Jersey, I, 108. 
Settlers, characteristics of the 
early, I, 221-223. 

of East Jersey, the, I, 175-181. 

of West Jersey, I, 185-190. 
Seven Causeways, III, 252. 

Mile Beach, I, 280. 
Seventh Day Baptists, the, I, 

344. 
Sewell, William J., IV, 83, 87. 
Sewing machine industry, IV, 

349. 
Seymour, George P., IV, 229. 

James M., IV, 196, 200. 
Shafer family, III, 77. 
Shamong, III, 255. 
Shark River, II, 244, 246; III, 

210. 
Sharp, William S., Ill, 319. 
Sharpe family. III, 62. 
Sharptown, II, 180. 
Shaw, J. Ernest, IV, 228. 
Shawanese, the, I, 380. 
Sheldon, Elisha, II, 73. 
Shell money, I, 241-242. 
Sheppard, Edmond, III, 108. 

family. III, 61. 
Sherard, Lord, I, 78. 
Sherard's Mill, III, 172. 
Sheriffs, I, 219. 
Sherman, George, III, 55. 
Shinn, Major-General, III, 105. 

William J., Ill, 392. 

William N., Ill, 217. 
Ship Company, the, I, 88. 
Ship building, I, 202-206, 229-230; 

III, 256. 
Shippen, W. W., IV, 176. 

William, I, 362; II, 156. 
Shirley, Governor, I, 373. 
Shoe industry, IV, 347. 
Short Hills, II, 237, 340. 
Shreve, Colonel, II, 184, 205, 239. 

Israel, II, 28, 69, 72, 224. 
Shrewsbury, I, 133, 135, 136, 140, 
156, 177, 188, 234, 230, 271, 274. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



393 



Shrewsbury, I, 275, 294, 340, 341; 
II, 91, 165, 247, 411; III, 252! 
256, 313; IV, 26. 
Neck, II, 310. 
Township, II, 55. 
Shuman Family, III, 77. 
Sickler, J. R., IV, 163. 
John H., Ill, 280. 
John R., Ill, 39. 
Signers of the Declaration of 

Independence, II, 114. 
Sikonesses, the, I, 82. 
Silk industry, IV, 346. 
•' Silk Worm Craze," The, III, 

247. 
Silver coinage, I, 243-253. 

discovery of, I, 96. 
Simcoe, Major, II, 181, 182. 
Simpson, James W., IV, 82. 

John Neely, IV, 293. 
Sinnickson Family, III, 62. 
Sitgraves, Charles, III, 399. 
Six Nations, the, I, 63; II, 222. 
Skellinger family, III, 60. 
Skelton, Charles, III. 397, 399; 

IV, 163. 
Skene, John, I, 167. 
Skinner, Cortlandt, I, 313; II, 91, 
92, 95, 96, 99, 102. 
family. III, 68. 
Philip Kearny, II, 99. 
" Skinner's Greens," II, 93. 
Skippack, II, 191. 
Slabtown, III, 154. 
Slack, John R., Ill, 391. 

Thomas H., IV, 229. 
Slaughter family. III, 68. 
Slavery, I, 199-202, 337-339; IV, 

25-48, 96. 
Sloan, Jeremiah H., Ill, 197. 
Sloughterdam, II, 313. 
Smallwood, III, 389. 
Smith family, III, 64. 
Isaac, I, 313; II, 82; III, 155, 

368. 
James, I, 362. 
Joseph, III, 321. 
L,. A., Ill, 292. 
Lawrence, I, 313. 



Smith, R. M., IV, 163. 
Richard, II, 50, 111; III, 334. 
Robert, III, 109. 
Robert G., IV, 229. 
Samuel, I, 54, 170, 171, 343; II, 

191, 192, 277. 
Samuel Stanhope, I, 362; III, 

66. 
William, I, 170, 180, 313; III, 
321. 
Smith's Clove, II, 170, 215. 

Island, I, 77. 
Smithville, III, 109, 25G. 
Smock, John C, IV, 301. 
Smyth, Frederick, II, 50. 
Social life, II, 447-456; III, 59-77. 
relation of the Indians and 
whites, I, 67. 
Socialists, IV, 189, 193, 19}. 198, 

199, 202. 
Society of Friends, I, 62, 181, 187, 
189, 199, 202, 220, 297, 322, 323, 
325, 334-344, 346-347, 352, 359, 
421-422; II, 31, 32, 33, S9, 108, 
111-112, 172, 174, 177, 178, 182, 
198, 206, 448, 456; III, 26, 47, 63, 
64, 66, 83-84, 221, 301, 311-314, 
380; IV, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35. 40, 41, 
52, 53. 
in West Jersey, I, 148-149. 
Society of the Cincinnati, II, 

162, 449; III. 26-27. 
Society for Establishing Useful 
Manufactures, III, 254; IV, 
250. 
Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 
I, 354. 
Soldiers, New Jersey, in the 

Revolution, II, 65-68. 
Somers Point, I, 231; III, 59, 109. 

Richard, II, 82; III, 59. 
Somerset County, I, 263, 267, 268, 
274, 275, 276, 344, 378, 400; II, 
57, 58, 59, 60, 73, 77, 93, 162, 261, 
270, 340, 345, 439, 440, 454; III, 
68, 87, 104, 107, 269, 270, 281, 297; 
IV, 41, 45, 273, 274, 275, 278, 282. 
320. 
creation of, I, 264. 



394 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Somerset County in Provisional 
Congress, II, 105, 109, 113. 

militia, II, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 
84. 
Somerset Court House, 11, 50, 

159, 165. 
Soraerville, II, 219, 221, 311; III, 
69, 170, 182, 208, 249; IV. 45, 56, 
127, 286, 299. 

headquarters at, II, 215-222. 
Sonmans, Arent, I, 159. 

Peter, I, 391. 
Sons of Liberty, I, 418, 419. 
Sourland Hills, the, II, 162. 
South Amboy, II, 52; III, 191. 
201, 255, 330, 331; IV, 125, 311. 

Brunswick, II, 52. 

Company, the, I, 88, 92. 

Cove, IV, 112, 128, 129. 
South Jersey, I, 285. 

Institute, IV, 298. 

roads in, I, 235. 

settlement of, I. 108. 
South Orange, III, 171; IV, 249. 

River, I, 106, 109, 274; II, 189, 
210; III, 2^1. 
Southard family. III, 69„ 

Samuel L., Ill, 135, 160, 161, 162, 
217, 377, 379, 380. 
Spain, England's wars with, I, 
371-385. 

Harry T., IV, 228. 
Spanish-American War, IV, 215- 
229. 

privateers, I, 372. 
Spanktown, II, 164, 340. 
Sparks family. III, 62. 
Sparta, III, 170, 253. 
Specie, colonial, I, 213. 
Speedwell. III. 252; IV, 287. 
Spencer, General, II, 223. 

Jonathan J., Ill, 280, 283. 

Oliver, II, 72, 225; IV, 263. 
Spermaceti Cove, HI, 96. 
Spicer family. III, 59, 63. 

Jacob, I, 170. 
Spinning wheels, I, 285. 
Spiring, Peter, I, 89. 
Splitrock Lake. IV, 305. 
Spottswood, HI, 256. 



Spring Garden Ferry, III, 61. 
Springfield, I, 236; II, 210, 227, 
237, 238, 239, 340; III, 65, 74, 169, 
171, 255. 

Township, I, 275, 276. 
Springsted, Charles H., IV, 229. 
Spy system, the, I, 224. 
Squan, II, 244, 246, 340; III. 256. 

Beach, IV, 335. 
Squier, Cyrus W., IV, 229. 
Stacy, Justice, I, 325. 

Mahlon, IV, 259. 

Robert, I, 153. 

William, III, 65. 
Stage boats. I. 233. 

lines. III. 189. 190; IV. 233. 

routes established, I, 232-235. 
Stamp act, the. I. 417-420. 
Standing committees organized 

for the Revolution. II, 57. 
Stanhope, III, 169. 
Stansburg, Joseph, II, 300. 
" Star of the West," I, 54. 
Stark, Amos. II, 440. 
Starkey, Thomas A., Ill, 325. 
Starr, Samuel H., IV, 83. 
State Agricultural College, IV, 
325. 

Banks. Ill, 361-374; IV, 205. 

Model School. IV, 294. 

Normal School, IV, 294. 

of New Jersey, convention of. 
II, 118. 
Staten Island, I, 133, 138; II, 53. 
67, 90-91, 92, 93, 95, 100, 110, 128, 
136, 169, 210. 211, 234, 237, 239. 
310. 

Carteret's claim to, I, 157. 
States-General, the, J, 140. 
Steamboat interests, the. III. 

127-136. 
Steelman family. III, 60. 
Steenhuy.«en, Engelbert, I, 350. 
Steenrapie, II, 330. 
Stelle family, I, 180. 
Stephen. Adam. II. 70. 

General. II. 144. 148. 162, 171. 
Stephens, Captain, I, 374. 
Sterling family, HI. 64. 
Steuben. General. 11. 179. 



ONY AND A!^ A STATE 



395 



Stevens, Edwin A., Ill, 197; IV, 
156, 299. 

family, I, 113; III. 69. 

floating battery. III, 200. 

Institute, IV, 299. 

John. III. 119, 191-194; IV, 234. 

John Austin, I, 123, 142. 

John Cox, III, 132, 133. 

Robert L., III. 197, 198, 200. 
Stevenson, William, II, 99. 
Steward, John, III, 106. 
Stewart, Charles, II, 79; III, 229, 
236. 

Colonel, II, 207. 

James, Jr.. IV, 83. 
Stiles family. III, 60. 

William, III, 2S0. 
Stille, Morton A., III. 337. 
Stillwater, III, 77. 
Stirling. Colonel, II, 190. 

General, II, 129, 1.34. 144. 147. 
148, 149, 162, 171, 173. 175, 178, 
208, 217, 234, 2.35. 

Iron Works, I, 234. 

Lady, II, 261. 

Lord, I, 406, 313: 11. 06. 70, 69, 
323. 

Viscount. I, 125. 
Stilwell, Nicholas, II. 84. 
Stocks, confinement in. I, 299. 
Stockton, II, 171; IV, 312. 

Andrew, II, 99. 

Annis Boudinot. I. 381. 

family. Ill, G6. 

John R., IV, 104, 156. 175, 176. 

Richard, I, 313, 362; II, 79, 108, 
114; III, 29, 63, 155. 

Richard V., II, 96. 

Robert F., III. 180, 203, 350; IV, 
97, 2.36. 
Stokes, Charles, III, 195, 280, 28.3. 

Edward D., IV, 156. 
Stone, Frederick D., II, 207. 

implements, I, 30-33. 

William L., I, 115. 
Stony Brook, II. 155, 156. 

Point, II, 231. 
Stout family. III, 65, 67. 
Stratton, Charles C, III, 329, 354, 
386, 389. 



Stratton, John C. Ill, ::^j. 
Strawberry Hill, II. 340. 
Strut's Creek. I. 96. 
Stryker, Peter I., III. 389. 
Thomas J., IV. 97. 
William S.. II. 93. 99-; IV. 213. 
216. 
Stuyvesant. Peter, I. 78, 93-96. 

Ill, 126-127. 128, 139, 349. 
Styles. Robert, I, 283. 
Succasunna, IV, 299 
Succasunna, I, 236; III, 76. \fi>. 

172. 
SulYern's Tavern, II, 170. 
Sullivan. General, II, 12;i, 1*3, 
146, 162. 170. 171. 
John, II, 71, 222, 223, 226. 227. 
Sullivan's Indian campaign. II. 

222-228. 
Sulphur, di.scovery of, II. UK. 
Summerhill, John, Jr.. III. 3*. 
Summit. Ill, 184; IV, 322. 
'■ Supremacy " oath, the, I, 218. 
Supreme Court. I. 219, 222. 313- 
317. 
justices of, I, 312-313. 
Surf City, IV, 269. 
Surrender of New Jersey in the 
English. I, 141-142. 
of the Dutch, I, 126-127. 
of the Swedes, I, 95. 
of New York to the Dutch, I. 

Susquehanna River, I, 377. 
Sussex County, I, 59, 65, 267, 268. 

275, 343, 344, 377, 3V8, 379. 408. 

409; II. 48, 91, 118, 260, 311. 440: 

III, 55, 76, 87, 103, 105, 106, 168, 

172, 253, 256, 264, 270, •-'72, 281. 

297, 316, 317; IV. 41, 77. 273. 

274, 275, 278, 280, 282, 310. 311, 

320. 
creation of, I, 267, 269. 
in Provisional Congress, II. 

105, 108, 109. 
militia, II, 75, SO, 81, 82, S3. 81. 

85. 
Sus.scx Court House. 11. 227. 332. 
Swaanendale. I. 89. 
Swain. Joshua. III. 280. 



396 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Swamptown, I, 147. 
Swartvv'out family. III, 77. 
Swayze, Jacob L., IV, 142. 
Swedes, the, I, 349, 350, 351. 

and Indians, the, I, 63-70. 
Swedesboro, I, 95, 100; III, 63, 

254; IV, 56, 135. 
Swedish Church, the, I, 344. 

influences, I, 95, 97-101. 

settlements in the Delaware 
Valley, I, 87-101. 
Swift, Dean, I, 249. 

Joseph G., Ill, 96. 
Sykes, George, III, 391, 399. 
Syliesville, III, 65. 
Symmes, John Cleves, I, 313; II, 

69, S3, 412, 414. 
Syon, I, 75. 

Talbot, Bishop, FV, 298. 
Tammany Society, The, III, 41. 
Tappan, II, 315. 

Indians, the, I, 115r 
Tar making-, I, 285. 
Tarrytown, II, 127. 
Tatham, John, III, 319. 
Taverns, I, 291-303. 
Taxation without representa- 
tion, I, 417-420; II, 49. 
Taylor, Augustus F., Ill, 292. 

Edward, I, 400. 

George W., IV, 82. 

John, II, 84, 98; III, 321. 

John W., IV, 142. 

Joseph N., IV, 163. 

Moses R., IV, 86. 
Tea Neck, II, 330. 
Tea prohibited, II, 54. 
Teachers, school, I, 349, 350, 355- 

E57. 
Tekoke, I, 96. 

Temperance societies. III, 221. 
Temple, Robert B., Ill, 356. 
Ten Eyck, John C, III, 280; IV, 

142. 
Tennent church, the, I, 345; III, 
67. 

Gilbert, I, 332, 333. 

John V. B., I, 362. 

William, I, 332, 3-59, 360, 361. 

William, Jr.. I, 363. 



Tenths, erection of, I, 265-267. 

occupation of, I, 152. 
Terr.-a. cotta industry, IV, 346. 
Test oath, the, I, 160, 218. 
Thacher's Journal, II, 233. 
Thanksgiving appointed, I, 141. 
Thatcher, Bartholemew, II, 98. 
" The Planters' Speech," I, 169. 
Third Battalion in the Revolu- 
tion, II, 67, 68, 69, 82, 83. 
Establishment, New Jersey 
line, I, 72. 
Thistle and Crown, the, I, 233. 
Thomas, Captain, I, 373. 
Edward, II, 80. 
Gabriel, I, 169, 281, 30S, 309. 
Thompson, John, I, 233; II, 243. 
John Edgar, III, 198. 
John R., Ill, 181, 281, 283, 389. 
Joseph, IV, 143. 
Mark, II, 80. 
Richard P., Ill, 281, 385. 
Thompson's Bridge, II, 340. 
Thomson, Aaron, I, 173. 
Ilur, I, 178. 
Moses, I, 178. 
Thomas, I, 178. 
Thorpe, Francis Newton, IV, 48. 
Throgmorton, Deliverance, I, 
17S. 
John, I, 178; II, 99. 
Ticonderoga, I, 379, 380, 3S1, .382; 

II, 68, 69, 170. 
Tienpont, Adrian Joresson, I, 

106. 
Timber Creek, II, 193. 

lands, I, 281-288. 
Times that tried men's souls, 

the, II, 127-138. 
Timmer Creek, I, 96. 
Tim.pany, Robert, II, 96. 
Tinicum, I, 350. 

Island, I. 93, 96, 118. 
Tinneconcif Island, I, 96. 
Tinton Palls, II, 340; III, 67. 

Titsort, , I, 3S2-383. 

Titus family. III, 65. 
Tobacco industry, IV, 348. 

Tod, , I, 325. 

James, III, 55. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



397 



Todd, John, I, 362. 
Toffey, John J., IV, 190. 
Tomlinson, Joseph, I, 307. 
Tompkins, Daniel D., Ill, 107. 
Tom's River, II, 243, 244, 245, 310, 

340; III, 3S6, 321; IV, 339. 
Topetoy Kill, IV, 57. 
Topography, IV, 303-313. 
Torbert, Alfred T. A., IV, 82. 
Torie.s, the, II, GO, 78, 89-102, 110, 
116-118, 121-122, 13C, 137, 144, 165, 
173, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 200, 
203, 205, 222, 226, 245, 299, 343, 
379. 
and Whigs, I, 403? II, 29-34. 
Tory Corner, IV, 248. 

pamphlets, II, 52, 55. 
Toun, Nathaniel, II, 225. 
Towamencin, II, 174. 
Town Bank, IV, 282. 

government, I, 140, 141. 
Towns along the Delaware, I, 
1S6. 
creation of, I, 270-276. 
Townsend family, III, 59, 61. 
Township committees, II, 47, 50. 
Townships, division of, I, 274- 

276. 
Trade, internal, I, 230, 235. 
the lords of, IV, 29. 
with the colonies, I, 223-224. 
Transportation, early, I, 229, 237. 
Travel, early routes of. III, 117, 

168-172, 190. 
Treason, punishment for, II, 118- 

119. 222. 
Treat, John, I, 272. 

Robert, I, 134. 
Treaties with the Indians, I, 

380, 383, 396. 
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, I, 375. 
of Breda, I, 128. 
of Ghent, III, 113. 
with France and the United 
States, II, 179, 203. 
Trent, William, I, 312; III, 65. 
Trenton, I, 33, 37, 40, 44, 45, 50, 82, 
92, 93, 96, 97, 153, 203, 230, 231, 
232, 233, 235, 236, 316, 376; II, 30, 
32, 34, 60, 67, 73, 74, 76, 95, 96, 



Trenton, II, 97, 98, 102, 108, HO, 
120, 121, 133, 134, 141, 143, 144, 
145, 146, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 
163, 169, 171, 185, 204, 258, 340, 

345, 354-361, 426, 428, 437, 453; 

III, 55, 65, 106, 130, 141, 170, 
178, 182, 191, 194, 196, 202, 221, 
248, 249, 254, 255, 256, 282, 316, 
320, 366, 368, 369, 372, 373, 394; 

IV, 35, 36, 47, 56, 73, 81, 88, 
89, 90, 126, 132, 135, .153, 233, 
259-263, 264, 275, 276, 280, 285, 

346, 347, 349. 

and Princeton, battles of, I, 

1-11-156. 
as the federal capital, II, 353- 

361. 
barracks, I, 384; II, 147. 
battle of, II, 141-153, 156. 
chartered, I, 272, 273. 
first Provisional Congress at, 

II, 105. 
name of, I, 312. 
Trenton Banking Company, III, 
368; IV. 205. 
Falls, I, 76, 96. 
Ferry, I, 233, 234; II, 151. 
gavels, the, I, 43-50. 
Mercury, III, 55. 
State Gazette, III, 398; IV, IGl. 
True American, III, 54, 55, 162; 

IV, 161. 
Weekly Advertiser, III. 55. 
Trials by jury, I, 308, 314. 
Tribal customs of the Indians, I, 

58-66. 
Tjinibly's Point, II, 235, 340. 
Trinity Church, New York, II, 

97. 
Triple Alliance, the, I, 138. 
Triyons family, III, 71. 
Trolley railways, IV, 350. 
Troops in the Revolution, II, 65- 

85. 
Troy, II, 221. 

True American Inn, II, 153. 
Truex, William S., IV, 84. 
Trumbull, Governor, II, 95, 169, 
411. 
Joseph, II, 175, 176. 



398 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Tubman, Harriet, IV, 55. 
Tuckahoe, III, 252. 
Tucker, Ebenezer, III, 60. 

Isaac M., IV, 82. 

Samuel, I, 313, 400; II. 105, 109, 
113, 135. 
Tucker's Beach, IV, 339. 
Tuckerton, I, 205, 231, 235; II, 310, 

318; III, 60, 81, 256; IV, 284. 
TuRonne, Alraonde. Ill, 71. 
Tunkhanna, II, 226. 
Turner, Nathaniel, I, 90. 
Turner, Robert, I, 159. 
Turnpikes, III, 167-174, 190. 
Tuttle family, III, 7G. 
Tweed Creek, I, 266. 
Twenty-four proprietors, the, I, 

158-159. 
Tye, Colonel, III, 67. 
Tyler, Moses Coit, II, 277. 
" Unalachtigs " Indians, I, 63. 
" Unami " Indians, I, 63. 
Underground railroad, IV, 51-58. 
Uniforms, British, II, 85. 

continental, II, 232. 
Union, III, 252; IV, 244, 245. 

College, I, 362. 

of the colonies, II, 114-115. 
Union County, I, 263; III, 256, 
2S0; IV, 277, 279, 320. 

creation of, I, 269. 
Union Hill, II, 325. 

Turnpike, III, 170. 
United States mint, I, 259. 
Universalists, the, I, 345; III, 

321. 
Upper Alloway's Creek Town- 
ship, creation of, I, 276. 

Brigade, the, II, 81. 

Freehold. II, 57, 413. 

Penn's Neck, III, 221. 
Usselinx Willem, I, 87, 88, 89, 

105. 
Utrecht, peace of, I, 371. 
Vail Works, the, IV, 287. 
Valley Forge. II, 70, 74, 173, 175, 

176. 178, 179, 204, 217, 232. 
Van Arsdale, Elias, III, 280, 283. 
Van Aniens, II, 170. 
Van Beckel, Peter J., Ill, 74. 



Van Berckel, Peter John, II, 

269. 
Van Buskirk, II, 327. 

Abraham, II, 96, 98. 

.Tacob, II, 98. 

John, II, 99. 
Van Cleve family. III, 66. 
Van Cortlandt, Philip, II, 80, 
82, 96, 97, 327. 

Philip, Jr., II, 99. 
Van Dam, Rip, HI, 340. 
Van der Donck, Adriaen, Jour- 
nal of, I, 368. 
Van Derveer family. III, 69. 
Van Deusen family, HI, 68. 
Van Dike, Coionel, II, 205. 

Henry, II, 84. 
Van Doren, John, II, 159. 
Van Dyke, Colonel, Ii, 93. 
Van Horn family, HI, 69, 74. 
Van Houten, Gilliam, IV, 85. 
Van Neste family. III, 69. 
Van Putten, Aert Teunis.sen, I, 

114. 
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, HI, 

69. 
Van Reypen family. III, 75. 
Van Tilburgh's, III, 66. 
Van Tile. John, I, 382, 383. 
Van Twiller, Wouter, I, 109, 110, 

111. 
Van Tyll, Abram, I, 139. 
Van Veghten house, the, II, 219. 
Van Vorst, Cornells, I, 114. 

Cornelius, IV, 223. 

family, HI, 75; IV, 237. 
Van Winckle family. III, 74. 
Van Winkle family, HI, 75. 
Vanaman family, HI, 61. 
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, HI, 68. 
Vanderpoel, Beach, HI, 395. 

David, HI, 73. 
Vanderveer Family, HI, 66. 
Vanduyn's, HI, 171. 
Vanmeter family, HI. 62. 
Vanneman family, HI, 63. 
Varick, Richard, III, 76; IV, 238, 

239, 240, 241. 
Varken's Kil, I, 91. 
Varlo, Charles, I, 83-84. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



399 



Varnuin, General, II, 191. 
Vealtown, II, 142. 
Verckens Kill, I, 148. 
Vergennes, Count, II, 236, 253. 
Vergereau family, III, 71. 
Vernon, Admiral, I, 372. 
Verplanck's Point, II, 231. 
Vice-regalty, establishment of, 

I, 164. 

Villages, formation of, I, 270-276. 

Indian, I, 56. 
Vincenttown, III, 64, 220, 221; IV, 

134. 
Vineland, I, 288; IV, 115, 278. 280, 

323. 
Volk, Ernest, I, 40. 
Volunteers in the Revolution, 

II, 83. 

Von Dechow, Major, II, 149. 
Von Donop, Count Carl Emil 

Kurt, II, 193, 195, 196, 197. 199. 

200. 
Von Knyphitusen, , II, 146, 

149, 150. 

Von Lossberg, , II, 146, 147, 

150, 152. 
Voorhees family. III, 70. 

Foster M., IV, 189, 193, 194, 198, 
216, 217, 223, 225. 
Voorhies, Peter U., II, 224. 
Vought, John, II, 99. 
Vreeland family, III, 75. 
Vredenburgh, J. S., Ill, 69. 

Peter, IV, 229. 
Vroom, Colonel, III, 69. 
Peter D., Ill, 154, 217, 281, 283, 
329, 333, 378, 380, 383. 399; IV, 
97, 163. 
Peter D., Sr., Ill, 378. 
Wads-worth, Colonel, II, 219. 

Jeremiah, II, 176. 
Wages, IV, 349. 
Walker, Captain, II. 239. 
Wall, Andrew, I, 83. 
Garret D., III. 181, 217, 377, 378, 
385. 
Wallace House, the, II. 216, 217; 

HI, 69. 
Walpack, I. 236. 



Walsh, Cornelius, IV, 169. 

James K., IV, 228. 
Wampum, I, 59, 241-243. 
Wantage, III, 77, 316. 
War of 1812, III, 81-91, 95-113. 
of the Rebellion, IV, 71-78, 81- 

91. 
with Spain, I, 371-373; IV, 215- 
229. 
War with Mexico: see Mexican 

War. 
Ward, Dishturner, I, 178. 
Elias S., IV, 190. 
Marcus L., IV, 99, 116, 162, 165, 
169. 
Ware, Captain, I, 374. 
Warrell. Joseph, I, 313. 
Warner, Edmond, I, 153. 
Warren County, III, 77, 168, 281, 
253, 254, 255, 297, 317; IV, 269, 
274, 278, 280, 282, 308, 310, 313, 
320 
creation of, I, 268, 269. 
Warren, General, I, 268. 
George, I, 178. 
Joseph, II, 219. 
Tidey, I. 178. 
Zenas C, IV, 88. 
Warwick, II, 227. 
Washington Academy, IV, 298. 
Association of New Jersey, II, 
231. 
Washington, George, II, 73, 83, 
96, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 
141, 142, 145, 147-154, 156, 159- 
1G4. 166, 169-179, 189, 192, 198, 
204-208, 210, 211, 215-222, 227, 228, 
231, 233-237, 239, 240, 248, 266, 
330, 425; III, 30, 32, 33, 36, 41, 
70. 
n ppointed commander-in-chief, 

II, 76. 
as military dictator, II, 143. 
crossing the Delaware, II, 143- 

147. 
in Cambridge, II, 127. 
retreat of, across Now Jersey, 

II. 133-138. 
tour of, II, 425-432. 



400 



NEW JERSEY AS A COL 



Washington, Mrs., II, 128, 218, 

226. 
'■ Washington," the, II, 185. 
Washington, William, II, 147. 
" Washington's Bodyguard," II, 

74. 
Crossing, II, 146. 
Water, changes caused by, I, 

36-37. 
" Water Witch," the. III, 67. 
Waterloo, III, 253. 
Watertown, II, 77. 
Watessing, II, 210. 
Watkins, David O., IV, 198. 

J. Elfreth, Sr., Ill, 180, 191. 
Watsessett, I, 76. 
Watscn family, III, 66. 

Y/illiam I., Ill, 197. 
Watson's Creek, II, 186. 
AVawayanda Lake, IV, 305. 
Wayne, Anthony, II, 70, 98, 180, 

205, 208, 314, 317, 335. 
Weatherby, Benjamin, II, 225. 
Webb, Major, III, 45. 
Webster, Colonel, II, 205. 
Wecaco, I, 350. 
Weedon, Colonel, II, 147. 
Weehawken, II, 325, 340; III, 157, 

207; IV, 244. 
Weekly Post Boy, I, 2-33. 
Wehrly, John E., IV, 229. 
Welch, Ashbel, III, 181. 
Welling family. III, 65. 
Wells, George E., IV, 228. 

Gideon Hill, III, 135. 
Weltner, Lewis, II, 73. 
Werts, George T., IV, 153, 154, 

155, 187. 
Wesley, Charles, I, 331, 333; III, 

45. 
John, I, ,331, 333; III, 45. 
We.st family, III, 59. 
lloboken, IV, 244, 245. 346. 
Indian Company, I, 92, 105, 106, 

107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 117, 

126, 128. 
West India Islands, I, 384. 
West India produce, prices reg- 
ulated, II, 60. 
trade, I, 284. 



West Jersey, I, 145-154, 163-164, 
367, 210-212, 218-220, 230, 243-248, 
254-256, 282, 283, 286, 287, 291, 298, 
307, 30S, 310, 312, 323, 328, 332, 
336, 343, 344, 391, 410; II, 54, 100, 
101, 144; III, 340. 
counties in, I, 264-267. 
formation of, I, 148. 
granted to Penn and asso- 
ciates, I, 153. 
in the Revolution, II, 151, 159. 
purchased by Penn and asso- 
ciates, I, 159. 
roads in, I, 230-231. 
schools, I, 352. 

settlement of, I, 75-84, 87-101. 
setclers of, I, 185-190. 
West Jersey and Seashore Rail- 
road, IV, 349. 
Mail and Transportation Com- 
pany, IV, 112. 
Railroad, IV, 114, 135. 
Society, the, I, 167. 
West Milford, III, 253. 
New York, IV, 244. 
Orange, IV, 249. 
Point, II, 132, 170, 211, 215, 221, 

231, 232, 240. 
Robert, I, 158. 
Westbrook family. III, 77. 

Samuel, II, 85. 
Westcott, Geoige Clinton, III, 
358. 
.James D., Ill, 52. 
John W., IV, 182. 
Richard, III, 59. 
Western Battalion in the Revo- 
lution, II, 66, 82. 
Westervelt, Abraham, III, 280. 

Edwin R., IV, 228. 
Westfleld, II, 163, 169, 239, 340; 

III, 74, 208. 
Wetherill, John, I, 400; II, 82. 
Wethersfield, II, 77. 
Weyman, Abel, II, 224. 
Weymouth, III, 252. 
AVhaling interests, I, 205-206. 
Wheat, Benjamin, I, 307. 
Wheeler, Nathaniel, I, 272. 



ONY AND AS A STATE 



401 



Whigs, I, 422; II, 60-61, 89, 91, 94, 
97, 98, 100, 135, 136, 137, 143, 164. 
165, 174, 17S, 180, 181, 182, 184, 
185, 198, 206-209; III, 329, 386. 
387, 390-394. 

and Tories, I, 403; II, 29-34, 
Whillden Family. Ill, 80. 
Wliippany, II, 239; III, 254, 255. 
Whiskey Insurrection, II, 435. 
WhitaWer, Jonathan S., IV, 177. 

Nathaniel, I, 362. 
Whitall house, the, II, 200. 

Job, II, 199, 200. 
White, Anthony Walton, II, 73, 
439. 

Canvass, III, 181. 

family, III, 61, 67. 

Hill. I, 96: II, 185. 

House, III, 170, 172. 

John Moore, III, 155. 

Philip, II, 247, 249. 

Plains, II, 130, 211, 215. 
White's Tavern, II, 142. 
Whitefleld, George, I, 331-334, 343. 
359. 360. 395; II, 102; III, 45, 67. 
Whitehead family. III. 74. 

John, I, 135, 395; IV, 247. 

Richard B., IV. 229. 

Samuel. IV, 247. 

William A.. I, 131; IV. 40. 
Whitomarsh, II, 174. 
Whitpain, II, 174. 
Whittier. John G., I, 341, 

WIckersham. . I, 350. 

Wigwam sites, changes of, I, 56. 
Wilburtha, IV, 312. 
Wilcox, Thomas. I, 158, 159. 
Wild cattle, the, I, 280. 
Wildrlck, Abram C, IV. 87. 

family. III. 77. 
Wilkins. Constantino. III. 108. 
Wilkinson, Nathan, II, 223. 
Willett family. III, 60. 
Willetts, J. Howard, IV, 84. 
William III, I, 166. 361. 
William IV. II. 333; III. 64. 
William of Orange. I. 139, 166. 
Williams. John H.. Ill, 54. 
Williamson, Benjamin, II. 439; 
IV. 97, 163. 



Williamson, Chancellor, III, 70. 
Isaac H., Ill, 49, 160, 161, 162, 

280, 282, 283, 377, 379; IV, 239. 
Matthias. II. 83; IV, 263. 
Robert Stockton, III, 357. 
Williamstown, III, 252. 
Willian, John, IV, 84. 
Willingboro Township, I, 275. 
Wills, Moses, III, 280. 
Willson, James, I, 316. 
Wilmington, II, 172. 
Wilson, Alexander, III, 234. 
family, III, 77. 
George M., Ill, 55. 
James J., Ill, 102, 1C2. 
John, III, 198. 
Peter, III, 76. 
Winchester, Benjamin, III, 321. 
Winds, William, II, 66. 
Windsor, II, 52, 410. 

Township, creation of, I, 276. 
Winfleld. Charles H., IV, 233, 
239. 
family. III, 77. 
Winslow, III, 251; IV, 312. 
Winthrop, Governor, I, 91, 139. 
Wisewell. Moses N., IV, 85. 
Wistar Glass Works, III, 62. 
Witherspoon. John. II, 59, 114, 
267, 281, 305, 335, 390. 430; III. 
26, 66. 
Withington's, III, 66. 
Woerner, Christian, IV, 88. 
Wolves, I, 286. 

Woman suffrage. III, 266; IV. 
160. 
education of. I, 196, 358-359. 
in the colony, I, 197-198. 
in the Revolution. II, 117, 218, 
219, 257-262. 
Wood, John, I, 307. 
William, I. 249. 
William N., Ill, 281, 390. 
Woodbine, I, 288; IV, 326. 
Woodbridge, I, 133, 135, 137, 139, 
140, 156, 178, 236, 263, 271. 274. 
294, 299, S32. 351. 365; II. 52, 53, 
110, 340, 430; III, 68, 171, 191, 202, 
320; IV, 32, 134, 311. 



402 



NEW JEESEY AS A COLONY 



Woodbury, I, 235; II, 193, 198; 
III, 64, 82; IV, 56, 90, 112, 115, 
259, 268, 283, 284. 

Creek, II, 196. 

George T., IV, 88. 
Woodhull, General, II, 129. 
Woodrofe, Joseph, I, 307. 
Woodruff, Dickinson, III, 357. 

family, III, 61. 

Israel Carle, III, 357. 
Woods's Newark Oasette, III, 54. 
Woodsville, IV, 313. 
Woodward, Anthony, II, 122. 

John, II, 100. 
Woolen manufactures, IV, 348. 
Woolraan family, III, 64. 

John, I, 70, 199, 334-343; II, 277; 
28, 29, 40. 
Woolwich Township, creation 

of, I, 276. 
Worcester, II, 174. 
Wortendyke, IV, 163. 
Wright, E. R. V., Ill, 391, 397, 
399. 

William, III, 3&9. 
Wrightstown, III, 65. 



Wurts, Alexander, III, 281, 284, 

391, 399; IV, 163. 
Wyndham, Percy, IV, 84. 
Wynopkie, III, 253. 

River, II, 170. 
Wyoming, massacre of, II, 222, 

226. 
" Tankee," the, III, 98. 
Yard, Joseph A., Ill, 357. 
Yardley, II, 144. 
Yates, Bartholomew, II, 156. 
Yeoman family, III, 74. 
Yong, Thomas, I, 76. 
York, II, 175. 
" York," the, III, 13-1. 
Yorke, Thomas Jones, III, 329, 

390. 
Yorkshire Tenth, the, I, 265. 
Yorktown, siege of, II, 72. 
Young, E. F. C, IV, 188. 

family. III, 60. 
Zabriskie, Abraham O., Ill, 395; 

IV, 142. 
Abram, IV, 83. 
James C, III, 281. 
Peter, II, 132. 
Zuydt Riviere, the, I, 89, 350. 



[THH END] 



The Winthrop Press, 32 Lafayette Place, New York. 



